Catalan's Constant 

Catalan's constant is a constant that commonly appears in estimates of combinatorial functions and in certain classes of sums and definite integrals. It is usually denoted  (this work),  (e.g., Borwein et al. 2004, p. 49), or  (Wolfram Language).

Catalan's constant may be defined by

(1)

(Glaisher 1877, who however did not explicitly identify the constant in this paper). It is not known if  is irrational.

Catalan's constant is implemented in the Wolfram Language as Catalan.

The constant is named in honor of E. C. Catalan (1814-1894), who first gave an equivalent series and expressions in terms of integrals. Numerically,

(2)

(OEIS A006752).

 can be given analytically by the following expressions

			(3)
			(4)
			(5)

where  is the Dirichlet beta function,  is Legendre's chi-function,  is the Glaisher-Kinkelin constant, and  is the partial derivative of the Hurwitz zeta function with respect to the first argument.

Glaisher (1913) gave

(6)

(Vardi 1991, p. 159). It is also given by the sums

			(7)
			(8)
			(9)

Equations (◇) and (◇) follow from

(10)

together with

			(11)
			(12)
			(13)
			(14)

But

			(15)
			(16)

so combining (16) with (◇) gives (◇) and (◇).

Applying convergence improvement to (◇) gives

(17)

where  is the Riemann zeta function and the identity

(18)

has been used (Flajolet and Vardi 1996).

A beautiful double series due to O. Oloa (pers. comm., Dec. 30, 2005) is given by

(19)

There are a large number of BBP-type formulas with coefficient , the first few being

			(20)
			(21)
			(22)
			(23)
			(24)
			(25)
			(26)
			(27)

(E. W. Weisstein, Feb. 26, 2006).

BBP-type formula identities for  with higher powers include

(28)

(V. Adamchik, pers. comm., Sep. 28, 2007),

(29)

(E. W. Weisstein, Sep. 30, 2007),

(30)

(Borwein and Bailey 2003, p. 128), and

			(31)
			(32)

(E. W. Weisstein, Feb. 25, 2006).

A rapidly converging Zeilberger-type sum due to A. Lupas is given by

(33)

(Lupas 2000), and is used to calculate  in the Wolfram Language.

Catalan's constant is also given by the integrals

			(34)
			(35)
			(36)
			(37)
			(38)
			(39)
			(40)
			(41)
			(42)
			(43)

where (37) is from Mc Laughlin (2007; which corresponds to the  BBP-type formula), (38) is from Borwein et al. (2004, p. 106), (40) is from Glaisher (1877), (41) is from J. Borwein (pers. comm., Jul. 16, 2007), (42) is from Adamchik, and (43) is from W. Gosper (pers. comm., Jun. 11, 2008). Here,  (not to be confused with Catalan's constant itself) is a complete elliptic integral of the first kind. Zudilin (2003) gives the unit square integral

(44)

which is the analog of a double integral for  due to Beukers (1979).

In terms of the trigamma function ,

			(45)
			(46)
			(47)
			(48)
			(49)
			(50)
			(51)
			(52)

Catalan's constant also arises in products, such as

(53)

(Glaisher 1877).

Zudilin (2003) gives the continued fraction

(54)

where

			(55)
			(56)

which is an analog of the continued fraction of Apéry's constant found by Apéry (1979).

REFERENCES:

Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A. (Eds.). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 9th printing. New York: Dover, pp. 807-808, 1972.

Adamchik, V. "Integral and Series Representations for Catalan's Constant." http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~adamchik/articles/catalan.htm.

Adamchik, V. "Thirty-Three Representations of Catalan's Constant." http://library.wolfram.com/infocenter/Demos/109/.

Apéry, R. "Irrationalité de  et ." Astérisque 61, 11-13, 1979.

Arfken, G. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3rd ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 551-552, 1985.

Beukers, F. "A Note on the Irrationality of  and ." Bull. London Math. Soc. 11, 268-272, 1979.

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Catalan, E. "Recherches sur la constant , et sur les integrales euleriennes." Mémoires de l'Academie imperiale des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, Ser. 7, 31, 1883.

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Glaisher, J. W. L. "On a Numerical Continued Product." Messenger Math. 6, 71-76, 1877.

Gosper, R. W. "A Calculus of Series Rearrangements." In Algorithms and Complexity: New Directions and Recent Results. Proc. 1976 Carnegie-Mellon Conference (Ed. J. F. Traub). New York: Academic Press, pp. 121-151, 1976.

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Lupas, A. "Formulae for Some Classical Constants." In Proceedings of ROGER-2000. 2000. http://www.lacim.uqam.ca/~plouffe/articles/alupas1.pdf.

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