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Movement of drugs into saliva , Oral deposition

المؤلف:  Sue Jickells , Adam Negrusz (Editors)

المصدر:  Clarkes Analytical Forensic Toxicology

الجزء والصفحة:  168

2026-10-07

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Movement of drugs into saliva

Oral deposition

The deposition into mouth tissues of drugs taken by smoking, snorting or oral routes of administration is an additional source of drugs in oral fluid. For example, Jenkins et al. (1995) showed that the saliva: plasma ratio for smoked heroin was 100–400 times that of heroin administered intravenously. After heroin was smoked, heroin was detected in oral fluid for up to 24 hours, compared to up to 30 minutes after heroin was intravenously administered. O’Neal et al. (2000) reported codeine saliva: plasma ratios of 75–2580 in the first 15 to 30 minutes after dosing and of 13–344 for several hours after oral administration of liquid codeine phosphate, despite efforts at decontamination by having the subjects brush their teeth and vigorously rinse their mouth prior to saliva collection. Similarly, Jenkins et al. (1995) reported that after cocaine was smoked the saliva : plasma ratio was 300–500 times that found after cocaine was administered intravenously. The pyrolysis product of cocaine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME), was detected in oral fluid collected after smoking cocaine, but not in plasma. Similarly, cannabinoids found in oral fluid result almost totally from oral deposition of cannabinoids from smoked marijuana rather than from secretions or diffusion into saliva (Ohlsson et al. 1986). The formation of oral mucosal depots of drug, which are rapidly absorbed into the blood circulation, is used for drug administration. Sublingual or buccal absorption of drugs such as nitroglycerin, buprenorphine or fentanyl has the advantage of very rapid delivery that bypasses the liver and gastrointestinal first-pass metabolism. Drugs administered by this route also produce large concentrations of the parent drug in oral fluid, but with a short detection window as the drugs are absorbed rapidly.=