المرجع الالكتروني للمعلوماتية
المرجع الألكتروني للمعلوماتية

English Language
عدد المواضيع في هذا القسم 6095 موضوعاً
Grammar
Linguistics
Reading Comprehension

Untitled Document
أبحث عن شيء أخر
المستغفرون بالاسحار
2024-11-01
المرابطة في انتظار الفرج
2024-11-01
النضوج الجنسي للماشية sexual maturity
2024-11-01
المخرجون من ديارهم في سبيل الله
2024-11-01
المختلعة كيف يكون خلعها ؟
2024-11-01
المحكم والمتشابه
2024-11-01

Universals and particulars: a bit of linguistic history
22-1-2022
آلية الزفير
16-6-2016
أثر الإعتقاد بالمعاد على حياة البشر
6-4-2016
تفاعلات التعويض الالكتروفيلية للمركبات الأروماتية
4-11-2017
التجربة العملية لاستغلال المراوح الفيضية
27-8-2019
Type III Secretory Systems
27-8-2020

target (n.)  
  
408   09:24 صباحاً   date: 2023-11-27
Author : David Crystal
Book or Source : A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
Page and Part : 477-20


Read More
Date: 2023-08-07 692
Date: 30-6-2022 551
Date: 6-6-2022 523

target (n.)

A term used in PHONETICS and PSYCHOLINGUISTICS to refer to a hypothetical ARTICULATORY state used as a reference point when describing SPEECH PRODUCTION in DYNAMIC terms. In CONNECTED SPEECH, the target articulatory features for a sound (e.g. ALVEOLAR, VOICING) may not be fully attained, because of the anticipatory influence of successive target articulations. The target MODEL postulates an idealized set of articulatory positions and a set of RULES which attempt to predict actual patterns of articulatory movement, taking into account such factors as speed of articulation, and the direction and distance between articulators. Similarly, models of SPEECH PERCEPTION have been proposed which use the construct of an auditory target, which enables the listener to identify the common factors in different ACCENTS, VOICE QUALITIES, etc. The term is also used in the description of speech SEGMENTS as a linear combination of a limited set of vectors (‘targets’), the temporal contribution of each target being expressed by an interpolation function.

 

The LANGUAGE (or VARIETY, etc.) which is the focus of a linguistic process of change is known as the target language, e.g. the language into which one is translating or interpreting, the language (or variety, etc.) being taught to foreign learners, and so on.

 

In TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR, the CONSTITUENT affected by a transformation is sometimes referred to as the target. For example, the target for WH-MOVEMENT can be a NOUN PHRASE, as in How many parcels will he send to London?, a PREPOSITIONAL phrase, as in In which book did you read about it?, or certain other kinds of phrase. A similar use is found in GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY, where a rule can be triggered by one segment (the ‘trigger segment’) so as to apply to another (the ‘target segment’).