Koinés

Koinés are new compromise varieties which emerge from contact between speakers of different varieties. Koinéization is driven primarily by two processes:

• Levelling – the retention of forms which are used by a large number of speakers

• Simplification – the retention of forms which are morphologically simple or more regular, and therefore easier for post-adolescent learners to acquire.

Two other contact outcomes need also to be mentioned. In the first, incomplete accommodation between speakers of different dialects results in the creation of interdialect forms. In northern France, for example, contact between speakers of dialect and standard French has produced new compromise regional French forms, which were present in neither:

A similar compromise is evident in the lexical interdialect form take out, used in north-western England and the Midlands for a meal bought to be consumed off the premises. This form combines one element of the southern variant take away and one from the Scottish/north-eastern form carry out.

Finally, instead of being lost in the reduction process, variants can be reallocated to a new status. Trudgill suggests that this has happened in Norwich with three different variants of the ROOM vowel, originally associated with different parts of Norfolk:

The population of Norwich grew exponentially during the nineteenth century, drawing in migrants from the rural hinterland, and bringing all of these Norfolk variants to the urban dialect mix. None, however, won out over the others: instead they were reallocated as social status markers within the city. The west Norfolk [u:] form, which corresponds to that of RP, has the highest status of the three, followed by south Norfolk  and finally the low-status north and east Norfolk form .

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

قسم حفظ النظام ينهي استعداداته الخاصة بحفل تخرج طالبات الجامعات العاشر

العتبة العباسية المقدسة تنشر أكاليل الزهور ومظاهر الفرح بمناسبة ذكرى ولادة أمير المؤمنين (عليه السلام)

مجمع الشيخ الكليني يواصل تحضيراته لاستقبال المشاركات في حفل تخرج طالبات الجامعات العاشر

وصول المشاركات في فعاليات مهرجان روح النبوة الثقافي النسوي العالمي الثامن إلى كربلاء

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

ماذا يحدث لجسمك عند تناول الوجبات السريعة يوميا؟

لصحة عظام المرأة.. الشاي أفضل أم القهوة؟

لبناء العضلات وإنقاص الوزن.. ما أفضل توقيت لتناول البيض؟

أطعمة صحية تساعد على التعافي من "الإنفلونزا الخارقة"

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

دراسة تكشف قدرة الحيتان على سماع الأصوات منخفضة وعالية التردد من مسافة بعيدة

تجربة جديدة: الأسفلت المدعوم بالطحالب يقاوم الحفر ويقلل الانبعاثات الكربونية

تسريبات تكشف ملامح أول هاتف قابل للطي من "أبل"

رصد نوع نادر من القطط في تايلاند للمرة الأولى منذ عقود

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Phonetic Transcription

Phonetics

Word sharing and dialects: Dialects generally borrow from dialects

Dialects—Where Do You Draw the Line?

The standard

Externally motivated change

Chain shifts

Changes to make life easier

Systemic changes

Weakening of intervocalic unvoiced stops

Simplification of consonant clusters

Assimilation