Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Reduced vowels
المؤلف:
Richard Ogden
المصدر:
An Introduction to English Phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
74-5
23-6-2022
967
Reduced vowels
In unstressed syllables, English permits a narrower range of vowels than in stressed syllables; and there are a number of vowels which are particular to unstressed syllables, often known as reduced vowels. The main ones are the unstressed vowels of HAPPY, COMMA and WANTED.
The HAPPY vowel is usually a close front vowel such as [i] or [I]. In some varieties it may be much more open, as in north west England or some parts of the Southern USA, where it can be close to [e] or [ε].
The comma vowel is canonically a mid central vowel in the region of [ə] (though see notes on individual varieties above), but it is particularly susceptible to its surrounding context. For example, in the phrases ‘to the park’ vs ‘to the
hill’, there are backer vs. fronter qualities respectively, reflecting the vowels of the words ‘park’ and ‘hill’. This is a form of ‘vowel harmony’, where the vowels in a stretch of speech share some phonetic property (here, frontness or backness).
The vowel of WANTED varies along the front–back dimension, with some varieties having [I], others having backer vowels such as , or indeed the same vowel as COMMA.
Many function words (prepositions, auxiliary verbs, pronouns and determiners) in English have ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ forms, where the ‘strong’ form contains a ‘full’ vowel and the ‘weak’ form (which is always unstressed) contains a ‘reduced’ vowel. Weak forms are generally pronounced without [h]. Compare the vowels in the underlined words in the following sentences (stress is marked ):
الاكثر قراءة في Phonetics
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

الآخبار الصحية
