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الكيمياء الصناعية | Solubility Rules |
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date: 4-8-2020 |
Author : LibreTexts Project 
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Date: 21-7-2020
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Some combinations of aqueous reactants result in the formation of a solid precipitate as a product. However, some combinations will not produce such a product. If solutions of sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride are mixed, no reaction occurs. One could write a molecular equation showing a double-replacement reaction, but both products, sodium chloride and ammonium nitrate, are soluble and would remain in the solution as ions. Every ion is a spectator ion and there is no net ionic equation at all. It is useful to be able to predict when a precipitate will occur in a reaction. To do so, you can use a set of guidelines called the solubility rules (Tables .1 and .2).
| Soluble in Water | Important Exceptions (insoluble) |
|---|---|
| All Group IA and NH4+ salts | none |
| All nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates and acetates | none |
| All sulfates | CaSO4, BaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4 |
| All chlorides, bromides, and iodides | AgX, Hg2X2, PbX2 (X= Cl, Br, or I) |
Table 2: Solubility rules for sparingly soluble substances
| Sparingly Soluble in Water | Important Exceptions (soluble) |
|---|---|
| All carbonates and phosphates | Group IA and NH4+ salts |
| All hydroxides | Group IA and NH4+ salts; Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ sparingly soluble |
| All sulfides | Group IA, IIA and NH4+ salts; MgS, CaS, BaS sparingly soluble |
| All oxalates | Group IA and NH4+ salts |
| Special note: The following electrolytes are of only moderate solubility in water: CH3COOAg, Ag2SO4, KClO4. They will precipitate only if rather concentrated solutions are used. | |
As an example on how to use the solubility rules, predict if a precipitate will form when solutions of cesium bromide and lead (II) nitrate are mixed.
The potential precipitates from a double-replacement reaction are cesium nitrate and lead (II) bromide. According to the solubility rules table, cesium nitrate is soluble because all compounds containing the nitrate ion, as well as all compounds containing the alkali metal ions, are soluble. Most compounds containing the bromide ion are soluble, but lead (II) is an exception. Therefore, the cesium and nitrate ions are spectator ions and the lead (II) bromide is a precipitate. The balanced net ionic reaction is:
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دخلت غرفة فنسيت ماذا تريد من داخلها.. خبير يفسر الحالة
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ثورة طبية.. ابتكار أصغر جهاز لتنظيم ضربات القلب في العالم
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سماحة السيد الصافي يؤكد ضرورة تعريف المجتمعات بأهمية مبادئ أهل البيت (عليهم السلام) في إيجاد حلول للمشاكل الاجتماعية
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