APPLIED LINGUISTICS for BA Students in English
PARTICIPANTS OF LEARNING PROCESS
Learner types
Learner differences
Multiple intelligences theory – Gardner (1983)
The other one is Multiple intelligences theory which is a concept introduced by Howard Gardner. In his book Frames of Mind he suggested that as humans we do not possess a single intelligence, but a range of intelligences (Gardner: 1983). He listed seven of these:
- Musical/Rhythmic – learners like singing, listening to music; they are good at remembering melodies, picking up sounds; they can learn language best by music, rhythm and melody;
- Verbal/Linguistic – (left-brain dominant) learners like reading, writing and telling stories; they are good at memorizing names, places, dates; they learn best by saying, hearing and seeing words;
- Visual/Spatial – learners are the same as visual learners in the previous system, they like drawing, looking at pictures, movies and drawings; they are good at imagining things, reading maps, charts; they learn best by dreaming, visualizing, working with colors and pictures;
- Bodily kinaesthetic – learners like moving around, touching and talking, using body language; they are good at physical activities such as dancing, sport and acting; they learn best by processing knowledge through bodily sensations, touching, moving, interacting with space;
- Logical/Mathematical – learners like doing experiments, figuring things out, working with numbers exploring patterns and relationships; they are good at maths, reasoning and problem solving; they learn best by categorizing, classifying, working with abstract patterns;
- Intra personal (introverted) – learners are the loners, they like learning alone, pursuing their own interests; they are good at understanding selves, focusing inward on feelings, goals, being original; they learn best by working alone individualized projects, self-paced instructions having their own spaces;
- Interpersonal (extroverted) – learners (the socializers) like having lots of friends, talking to people, joining groups; they are good at understanding people, leading others, organizing, communicating, manipulating and mediating conflicts; they learn best by sharing, comparing, relating, cooperating, interviewing.
