

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
NOISE
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P190
2025-09-20
353
NOISE
Non-speech sounds which potentially reduce the intelligibility of speech. The term is also sometimes used for factors (e.g. ink blots) which reduce the legibility of written text and even for factors such as individual voice quality which are not essential to speech processing.
The intelligibility of a speech signal depends upon the ratio between the level of speech and the level of noise; this is termed the S/N ratio. For normal understanding, there should be an S/N ratio of þ6 decibels (i.e. the average speech level should exceed the average noise level by 6 decibels). Where speech and noise are at equal levels, only about 50 per cent of words are recognised. However, even with negative S/N ratios, speech may remain partly intelligible– especially if the listener is familiar with the topic or if the sources of speech and noise are widely separated. An important factor is also whether the noise is continuous or intermittent: continuous noise has a far more powerful effect in masking speech.
In order to test the capacity of the human ear or the ways in which we process a degraded speech signal, experimenters sometimes add white noise to speech. White noise is a constant hiss like an extended fricative or like radio static. It is aperiodic: its average loudness remains constant over the entire range of audible frequencies.
See also: Intelligibility
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
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