

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
FUNCTIONALISM
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P120
2025-08-25
522
FUNCTIONALISM
A semantic approach to syntax associated with M.A.K. Halliday. Applied to language acquisition, it foregrounds the part played by the child’s wish or need to communicate pragmatically. The theory resembles other social-interactionist accounts by placing importance on the interaction, both verbal and gestural, between carer and child and on the ‘exchange of meanings’ to which it gives rise. Much of the evidence supporting the theory draws upon Halliday’s observations of the early language of his son, Nigel.
When an infant is between 9 and 15 months, it shows signs of constructing proto-words from its babble. It reserves certain sounds or sequences of sounds for particular purposes: examples would be a child consistently using [na] when it wanted something and [n ] for a taste it enjoyed.
The child’s early words are said to represent four general functions:
instrumental (‘I want’)
interactional (‘me and you’)
regulatory (‘Do as I tell you’)
personal (‘Here I am’)
To these, the child later adds three more:
imaginative (‘Let’s pretend’)
informative (‘I have something to tell you’)
heuristic (‘Tell me why’)
In a second phase, there is a gradual increase in the range of meanings which the child learns to express within these functional areas, even if the forms used are not those of adult language. This coincides with what other commentators term the vocabulary explosion; Halliday argues that it is a semantic and syntactic explosion as well. The personal and heuristic functions are said to merge into a single mathetic function (involving ‘learning’ through language), while the other five merge into a rudimentary pragmatic system (involving ‘doing’ through language).
See also: Social-interactionism
Further reading: Cattell (2000: Chap. 8); Halliday (1975)
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)