

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
FREQUENCY2
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P117
2025-08-24
503
FREQUENCY2
The number of complete cycles achieved by a sound wave in a second. If a plucked violin string vibrates 400 times a second, the frequency of the sound it emits is measured as 400 cycles per second or 400 Hertz (Hz). If the string is tightened, it will vibrate more rapidly, and its frequency will increase. The result is that the pitch of the sound (its frequency as perceived by a listener) will also rise. However, there is not a simple relationship between pitch and frequency: the ear does not judge a sound of 1000 Hz to be twice as high as one of 500 Hz.
The range of frequencies handled by the human ear goes from about 250 to10,000 Hz. Most human conversation occupies a range of between 250 and 8000 Hz. But the frequency band may be narrowed in certain forms of speech transmission (e.g. the telephone), with the result that some of the cues to a particular phoneme may be missing. Especially affected is /s/.
Speech has a fundamental frequency which derives from the tension and speed of vibration of the vocal folds. Other cycles of the sound wave are multiples of this base value. Fundamental frequency or F0 is an important measure in that it serves as a base value for listeners, enabling them to detect pitch movements, which, in English, might mark sentence stress or intonation. Average F0 values vary from voice to voice. Male speakers often have thicker vocal folds than female, so a typical F0 for a man is lower (between 100 and 160 Hz) than that for a woman (200 Hz and above).
See also: Formant, Intelligibility, Speech signal
Further reading: Ball and Rahilly (1999); Denes and Pinson (1993); Gimson (1994); Pickett (1999)
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