Grammar
Tenses
Present
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Past
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Future
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Parts Of Speech
Nouns
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Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
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Abstract nouns
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Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
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Pronouns
Subject pronoun
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Reflexive pronoun
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Personal pronoun
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Indefinite pronoun
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Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
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Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
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Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
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Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
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Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
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Semantics
pragmatics
History
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Phonetics and Phonology
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Elementary
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Assessment
Abstractness and psychological reality
المؤلف:
David Odden
المصدر:
Introducing Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
238-8
9-4-2022
1032
+
-
20
Abstractness and psychological reality
A fundamental question in the theory of phonology has been “how abstract is phonology?”, specifically, how different can the underlying and phonetic forms of a word be? The essential question is whether grammars use entities that are not directly observed. Related to this is the question whether a linguistic model requiring elements that cannot be directly observed reflects what the human mind does. The very concept of a mental representation of speech, such as a phonological surface form like [sɔks] socks which is not itself an observable physical event, requires abstracting away from many specifics of speech. Without generalizing beyond the directly observable, it would be impossible to make even the most mundane observations about any language. The question is therefore not whether phonology is abstract at all, but rather what degree of abstractness is required.
If underlying representations are fully concrete – if they are the same as surface representations – the underlying forms of English [kh ɔrts] courts and [kh owdz] codes would be /kh ɔrt-s/ and /kh owd-z/. Such an extremely surface-oriented view of phonology would ignore the fact that the words have in common the plural morpheme, whose pronunciation varies according to the environment. By hypothesizing that the underlying form of [kh ɔrts] is /kh ɔrt-z/, we can say that the plural pronounced s in [kh ɔrts] and the plural pronounced z in [kh owdz] are one and the same thing. Such abstractness in phonological analysis yields the benefit of explaining the similaries in pronunciation of the various realizations of the plural morpheme.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
