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Entailment
المؤلف:
Nick Riemer
المصدر:
Introducing Semantics
الجزء والصفحة:
C6-P201
2026-05-19
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Entailment
Entailment may be defined in a number of equivalent ways. Here are three:
These sentences all meet the criteria in (66): they are true whenever ‘The constables drove the fast cars’ is true; if we can describe a situation with (67), we can also describe it with any of the sentences in (68) (although the informativeness of the different formulations is not equivalent); and the conjunction of (67) and the negation of any of the propositions in (68) is contradictory (e.g. The constables drove fast cars and the constables did not drive). Note that entailment has nothing to do with truth in a particular situation: whether or not (67) is true in a given situation, it has the entailments listed in (68).
Sentence (67) does not entail any of the sentences in (69):
Any of these additional statements might be true, but none of them is entailed by (67): we could imagine a world where (67) was true but where the sentences in (69) were not.
As demonstrated by (67) and (68), the range of a proposition’s entailments is related to the lexical relations of the proposition’s elements. Thus, we can substitute a hyperonym of constable (police officer, law enforcement officer, person), but we cannot substitute a hyponym (probationary constable in (69)).
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