Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Animate and Inanimate nouns
Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adverbs
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
prepositions
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
conjunctions
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Phrases
Sentences
Clauses
Part of Speech
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Demonstratives
Determiners
Direct and Indirect speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
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Assessment
LOCAL NEGATION
المؤلف:
Angela Downing
المصدر:
ENGLISH GRAMMAR A UNIVERSITY COURSE
الجزء والصفحة:
P25-C1
2026-05-01
35
+
-
20
LOCAL NEGATION
Our discussion so far has centred on clausal negation. Groups, words and non-finite clauses can be negated by not, without the entire finite clause being negated:
She was admitted into hospital not long ago.
Not realizing the danger, she walked in the dark towards the edge of the cliff.
Try not to get too tired playing tennis.
She would prefer not to go on a Mediterranean cruise for a holiday.
Negative declaratives typically express a negative statement, but they can also be used to ask tactful questions, as in the following extract from a detective story. The person questioned replies mostly with straight negative statements, adding in the expression of polite regret I’m afraid, but in she avoids total commitment:
‘You don’t know the actual name of the firm or association that employed her?’1
‘No, I don’t,2 I’m afraid.’
‘Did she ever mention relatives?’
‘No. I gather she was a widow and had lost her husband many years ago. A bit of an invalid he’d been, but she never talked much about him.’3
‘She didn’t mention where she came from4 – what part of the country?’
‘I don’t think she was a Londoner.5 Came from somewhere up north, I should say.’
‘You didn’t feel there was anything – well, mysterious about her?6
Lejeune felt a doubt as he spoke. If she was a suggestible woman – but Mrs. Coppins did not take advantage of the opportunity offered to her.7
‘Well I can’t really say8 that I did. Certainly not from anything she ever said.9 The only thing that perhaps might have made me wonder was her suitcase. Good quality
it was, but not new.’
(Agatha Christie, The Pale Horse)
1question; 2negative statement; 3negative statement; 4question; 5transferred negation; 6question; 7negative statement; 8hedge; 9negative statement.
Transferred negation consists in displacing the negative element from its logical place in the reported clause to negate the verb in the main clause. So in note 5, instead of I think she wasn’t a Londoner, we have I don’t think she was a Londoner. This is very common in English.
الاكثر قراءة في Grammar
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
