Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Animate and Inanimate nouns
Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adverbs
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
prepositions
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
conjunctions
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Phrases
Sentences
Clauses
Part of Speech
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Demonstratives
Determiners
Direct and Indirect speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
Words and Lexemes
المؤلف:
Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman
المصدر:
What is Morphology
الجزء والصفحة:
P33-C2
2026-03-31
39
+
-
20
Words and Lexemes
A single word can have multiple uses and interpretations. Occasionally a headline-writer underestimates this fact and ends up writing amusing headlines when no humor was intended. Here are some oldies but goodies that have circulated widely by e-mail:
BRITISH LEFT WAFFLES ON FALKLAND ISLANDS
MINERS REFUSE TO WORK AFTER DEATH
EYE DROPS OFF SHELF
LOCAL HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS CUT IN HALF
REAGAN WINS ON BUDGET, BUT MORE LIES AHEAD
SQUAD HELPS DOG BITE VICTIM
JUVENILE COURT TO TRY SHOOTING DEFENDANT
KIDS MAKE NUTRITIOUS SNACKS
The British didn’t really abandon breakfast pastries on the Falkland Islands, and zombie miners aren’t acting up. While waffles tends to be interpreted more easily as a noun, it’s used in the first headline as a verb. Left, conversely, is used as a noun in the headline, but is more often used in speech as a verb. Death in the second headline can be understood as ‘the act or fact of dying’ or as ‘the death of a specific person’ – the intended meaning. The last headline is horrifying until we realize that make is ambiguous in meaning here between two of its thirty-odd meanings: ‘prepare’ and ‘be useful as’. The first sense is the one intended in the headline.
Words like noun, verb, adjective, and adverb refer to what linguists call lexical category. They are labels that tell us how a word is generally used in a sentence. A noun can be the subject of a sentence, but not so a verb. In many cases, identical-sounding or identical-looking words can belong to multiple categories, and that is what is going on in some of these sentences.
Lexical category is basic information about a word, but there is much more that, as linguists, we want to say. For example, waffles ‘batter-cake baked in a waffle iron’ and waffles ‘vacillates’ sound the same but are not semantically related. Death ‘act or fact of dying’ and death ‘the dying of a specific individual’ are. We address the question of what a word is in detail.
الاكثر قراءة في Morphology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
