Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Animate and Inanimate nouns
Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adverbs
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
prepositions
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
conjunctions
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Phrases
Sentences
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Demonstratives
Determiners
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
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Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
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Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
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Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
DESIGN FEATURES
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P90
2025-08-12
615
+
-
20
DESIGN FEATURES
A set of characteristics which specify the nature of speech. Hockett (1963) produced the first list of such features; his aim was to provide a principled means of contrasting speech with animal communication systems. The following design features are the most cited:
Vocal-auditory channel– speaking and listening.
Interchangeability– a transmitter and a receiver.
Complete feedback– the ability to self monitor when speaking.
d. Specialisation– speech production as an end in itself, not part of a biological function.
e. Semanticity– linguistic signs associated with specific meanings.
f. Arbitrariness– no necessary connection between the form of the signal and what it signifies.
g. Discreteness– distinctive units of sound (phoneme) and meaning (word).
h. Displacement– the possibility of referring beyond the ‘here and now’.
i. Openness– similar to Chomsky’s notion of the infinite creativity of language.
j. Cultural transmission– language being acquired in a social setting.
k. Duality of patterning– sounds combined into words; words into syntactic patterns.
To these, modern commentators might add:
l. Structure-dependency– language as a set of hierarchically structured phrases. Other minor but distinctive design features are said to be:
m. Prevarication– the ability to lie.
n. Reflectiveness– the ability to analyse thoughts.
o. Learnability– the possibility of learning others’ codes.
p. Spontaneous usage– production that is unrehearsed.
q. Turn taking– sequential production and reception.
See also: Animal communication
Further reading: Aitchison (1998)
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
