

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
CONFUSABILITY
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P72
2025-08-10
410
CONFUSABILITY
The likelihood that, in a neutral context, a native speaker of a language will interpret a particular phoneme as another. Confusability varies somewhat according to the position of the phoneme in the sequence and to level of external noise; but some phonemes have been shown to be highly confusable. English speakers often interpret word-initial [p] as [k] and [T]as [f], even in conditions where there is no noise.
When English speech is put through a low-pass filter, eliminating higher frequencies in the signal, the consonants of the language appear to fall into certain groups within which confusion occurs and between which it does not often occur:
A research method in which subjects are asked to detect mispronunciations in a read-aloud text has added to our knowledge of which phonemic contrasts are most salient. It seems that the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants is detected most readily for stops (70 per cent of mispronunciations detected) followed by affricates (64 per cent) and fricatives (38 per cent). The low score for fricatives may be perceptual (they contain relatively weak acoustic cues) or a matter of conditioning (they do not feature in a large number of voiced-voiceless contrasts in English). The same method suggested that subjects are accurate in detecting mispronunciations which involve place (80–90 per cent); and that (for some consonants), mispronunciations are more readily detected in word-initial position than in word-final. The latter finding suggests strongly that listeners pay special heed to the opening sounds of a word, as the Cohort model assumes.
See also: Intelligibility
Further reading: Clark and Yallop (1990: 309–22); Miller and Nicely (1955)
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)