Consonants

Fricatives: TH, F/V, S/Z, H/CH, etc.

Voicing of word-initial /s/ and /f/, yielding /z-/ and /v-/, respectively, is rare in America; it is reported regularly for BahE only and as a highly recessive feature for NfldE. A stop realization of a word-initial voiced dental fricative, e.g. dis for ‘this’, is normal in Caribbean creoles, BahE, Gullah, AAVE, and CajE, and possible in all North American dialects except for CanE (it occurs in NfldE, however). With voiceless dental fricatives (e.g. ting for ‘thing’), the same process occurs in roughly the same distribution, though not quite as widely: in comparison with the previous feature, it is reported as conditional rather than universal in BahE and AAVE, and as not occurring at all in WMwE, InlNE, and SAmE. Realizations of word-initial dental fricatives as affricates are less common, and also more widely in use with voiced rather than voiceless variants. In the former case, i.e. [dð-] for [ð-], we find the feature reported as in regular use for AAVE only, and as used occasionally in WMwE, InlNE, PhilE, NYCE, SAmE, NfldE, CajE, and T&TCs; in the latter, i.e. [tθ-] for [θ-], in comparison with the previous list the feature is not mentioned for WMwE, InlNE, SAmE and AAVE. In intervocalic position, the voiced dental fricative may be labialized (so that, for instance, brother is pronounced with a central [-v-] consonant) in a few dialects, but this is a relatively exceptional process, reported as a possible variant for CajE, NfldE and BahE only. Similarly, an intervocalic labial consonant –v– may be rendered as a voiced bilabial stop –b– (so that river, never become riba, neba); this occurs regularly in TobC, SurC and BahE and with restrictions in JamC, T&TC, ChcE, and SAmE. Word-finally, the devoicing of obstruents (e.g. of a plural –s after a voiced sound) is a stereotypical feature of Chicago working-class speech.

 

The only American variety in which a voiceless velar fricative [X/x] occurs at least conditionally is ChcE. Word-initial h-deletion, e.g. ‘eart for ‘heart’, is common in much of the Caribbean (JamC, TobC, SurC, BahE; but not in the Leeward Islands) and in CajE, and possible in a few other related dialects (Gullah, AAVE, T&TC), among Franco-Americans in New England, and in NfldE. The distribution of the converse feature, word-initial h-insertion, e.g. haxe for ‘axe’, is similar: regular in JamC, Gullah, and BahE; possible in the T&TCs and NfldE. In word-initial /hj-/ clusters, i.e. in words like human or huge, the initial h- is omitted regularly in NfldE, among young urban speakers in SAmE, in NYCE, and CajE, and under specific conditions in PhilE, rural SAmE, ChcE, BahE, and JamC.

الاكثر قراءة في Phonology

Minimal pairs and sets

Aspiration

Assimilations

Phones and allophones

Feature geometry

The Sonority Sequencing Generalization

Finding the underlying form

Bukusu: nasal+consonant combinations

The Northern Cities Shift

Major class features

Standard lexical sets

Allophony in other languages

Place of articulation

Natural classes

Dissimilation

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

المجمع العلمي للقرآن الكريم يصدر الكتاب الثاني من سلسلة يخشى

قسم الشعائر يكرّم أصحاب المواكب المشاركة في إحياء ذكرى شهادة السيدة الزهراء (عليها السلام)

جامعة العميد تستقبل طلبة المراحل الأولى المقبولين ضمن كلياتها للعام الدراسي الجديد

سماحة السيد الصافي يكرّم طلبة حفظ القرآن الكريم المتفوّقين ويؤكّد دور التدبّر في الهداية والتكامل

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

طبيب يكشف تأثير برودة الشتاء على النوم

دون أن تعلم.. 10 عادات يومية تسرع شيخوخة جسمك

تقرير: النيكوتين خطر على القلب مهما كانت الطريقة

أيهما أفضل لصحتك.. زبدة الفول السوداني أم النوتيلا؟

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

السعودية تدشن أكبر نظام لتخزين الكهرباء بالبطاريات في العالم !

بأمر تنفيذي.. ترامب يؤكد هدف عودة الأميركيين إلى القمر في عام 2028

بعيدا عن البشر.. "قتال جوي في الفضاء" بين أميركا والصين

كشف مذهل في قاع "برمودا" !

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Spelling and Pronunciation SUMMARY

American English vs. British English

Morphological Basis of English Spelling

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Vowels

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Consonants

Spelling and Pronunciation Irregularity of English Spelling

Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology SUMMARY

Perception

Optimality Theory (OT)

Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM)

Markedness

Hypercontrast