

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Cape Flats English: phonology*
المؤلف:
Peter Finn
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
964-56
2024-05-28
1763
Cape Flats English: phonology
Cape Flats English (CFE) originated in working class neighborhoods in innercity Cape Town. However, as a result of Apartheid social engineering, most of its speakers now live far from the city centre in a number of adjoining areas collectively known as ‘The Cape Flats’. (The name refers to a large, flat, sandy expanse bordered by mountain ranges and the sea.).
This variety of English is also sometimes called ‘Colored English’ but that term is problematic for two reasons. Firstly, it is an over-generalization: not all people who were classified as ‘Colored’ during the Apartheid era speak this dialect since they are not homogenous with regard to region and social class. Secondly, the term ‘Colored’ as a descriptor is not universally accepted by those to whom it has been applied. From the mid 19th century, it was used to refer to people of mixed Asian, African, and European ancestry. A hundred years later, it was assigned by the Apartheid government to people who did not fit its two major population categories: ‘European’ or ‘white’, and ‘Bantu’ or ’black’. It was thus a catch-all category for people who did not constitute a group on any intrinsic grounds of shared ethnicity, culture or region. For this reason ‘colored identity’ is still a hotly debated concept. However, segregation did create some common ground which is of sociolinguistic significance because it minimized the possibility of intensive contact with speakers of other varieties of English. Members of each official population group were forced to spend most of their lives together in segregated residential areas, educational, leisure and other institutions.
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