Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Animate and Inanimate nouns
Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adverbs
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
prepositions
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
conjunctions
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Phrases
Sentences
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Demonstratives
Determiners
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
White South African English: phonology Conclusion
المؤلف:
Sean Bowerman
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
940-53
2024-05-24
1599
+
-
20
White South African English: phonology Conclusion
The most salient feature of WSAfE is perhaps the behavior of KIT, DRESS, TRAP: TRAP and DRESS are raised (relative to RP and most other L1 varieties of English), and KIT is centralized. This has often been attributed to the influence of the Afrikaans vowel system. Lass and Wright proposed an alternative and more feasible alternative: that these three vowels are in fact involved in a chain shift. Raising of British/RP TRAP in (early) WSAfE encroached on DRESS, which itself raised (to keep the distinction), encroaching on KIT, which was pushed across towards [ɪ]. This can be illustrated as follows: the RP or input vowel is shown in miniscules, and the WSAfE innovation in capitals:
The diagram is taken from Lass (2002: 113); for a full elucidation of the chain shift.
This identifies WSAfE as a Southern Hemisphere English, as Australian English and New Zealand English also show raising in the high front vowels; though neither have yet achieved the push from [ɪ] to more centralized 
, realizing lowered [i] instead. AusE and NZE also share /i/ in happy with WSAfE. WSAfE and NZE share /ɑ:/ in dance, glass, etc. (Trudgill and Hannah 1994:30). Some marked distinctions between WSAfE and AusE and NZE are:
– the behavior of FLEECE, which is diphthongal [ɪi] ~ [iɪ] in the latter varieties (Lass 2002: 116)
– the backness of BATH: fully back [ɑ:] in WSAfE, contrasting with the fully frontal [a] in AusE and NZE (Trudgill and Hannah 1994: 30).
The expansion of WSAfE to younger middle class members of other ethnic groups who have been exposed to different varieties of SAfE is a recent development, which is bound to have an impact on the variety in the future. The changes and conservations evoked by this development will be monitored with keen interest.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
