

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Vowels CommA
المؤلف:
Augustin Simo Bobda
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
892-50
2024-05-17
1198
Vowels CommA
The spelling-induced /a/ is the most common realization of the commA vowel in CamE. When the vowel is represented by o, it is realized as /ɔ/; e.g. abb [ɔ] t, big [ɔ] t, Lenn [ɔ] n. CamE has a predilection for /i/ before final /n/ irrespective of the grapheme, as in Samps[i]n, Wils[i]n. /i/ is even more systematic in words which have an /i/ in the preceding syllable, as in hidd[i]n, Hilt[i]n, kitch[i]n, pris[i]n. This can be considered as a case of vowel assimilation or harmony. This phenomenon yields other vowels in other contexts, like [ç] in Rob [ɔ] rt and Thom [ɔ] s.
Seen through Wells’ lexical sets, and accommodating both Foulkes and Docherty’s (1999) addition as well as the modifications suggested by the split observed in CamE phonology, the vowels of CamE can be summarized as in Table 1.

From the above picture, a seven-vowel system ([i, e, ε, a, ɔ, o, u]), plus a marginal schwa, appears. The marginal nature of the schwa is due to its extremely low frequency. It normally occurs only as the second member of the NEAR diphthong in acrolectal speech, and in epenthetic environments like [ebəl, riðəm, kapitalizəm] able, rhythm, capitalism. The low frequency of the schwa is mostly due to the fact that CamE generally does not apply the Vowel Reduction rule.
Of particular interest in the discussion of the patterns of realization of the standard lexical sets has been the phenomenon of splits (e.g. of the NURSE and CURE vowels) and mergers (e.g. of the LOT, THOUGHT, NORTH, FORCE and STRUT vowels). The splits are responsible for the splitting of some pairs which are homophonous in RP, like dollar/dolour [dɔla, dɔlɔ] , fisher/fissure [fiʃa, fiʃɔ] word/ whirred [wɔd / wɔt , wεd / wεt], swab/swob [swab/swap , swɔb,swaɔp], kernel/colonel [kεnεl , kɔlɔnεl]. The mergers create new homophones in CamE, like match, march [matʃ] , talk, thug [tɔk] , circular/secular [sekula], fodder, further [fɔda] , hod, hud, hoard [hɔd/hɔt]. A more comprehensive list of such splits and mergers can be found in Simo Bobda (1994: 157–161).
The discussion has also highlighted, beyond mere cases of segment restructuring, some vocalic processes like E-Tensing, Glide Formation, i-Assimilation, as well as the behavior of CamE with regard to some RP rules like Vowel Reduction, CiV Tensing and Trisyllabic Laxing.
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