

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
The sound recordings
المؤلف:
Paul Warren and Laurie Bauer
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
620-35
2024-04-22
1292
The sound recordings
Because of the very nature of Maori English, getting good recordings of this variety in formal settings, in a Pakeha institution (a university) and with Pakeha researchers is difficult. None of the recordings provided here is completely prototypical, even when we have Maori people speaking to each other without Pakeha people present. Nevertheless, some of the typical features of Maori English can be heard in these recordings.
The sound files provided include a short conversation about a recent graphic series of drink-driving ads on New Zealand television, the ‘South Wind’ passage, and the extended word list. The passage and word list are read by one of the two speakers in the conversation (speaker C, who is on the left channel of the stereo file). The speaker is a young female from the Wellington region, and who identifies as Maori. In addition, the words from the word list have also been made available in separate speech files, in which each word is paired with the version produced by speaker F, the young female speaker of Pakeha New Zealand English.
Many of the features that might be commented on in the Maori English samples can be characterized as features of a broad New Zealand English pronunciation. As noted above, it is a high level of co-occurrence of such features that may contribute to the character of Maori English. Nevertheless, some of the characteristics of the read speech in these Maori English samples are ambiguous in their interpretation, since they could reflect a careful speech style rather than being features of Maori English. For instance, the more peripheral vowels found in weak syllables might reflect the tendency in Maori English towards syllable-based rhythm (and a consequential lessening of the contrast between full and reduced vowels), but they might also be a result of a more deliberate reading style. Similarly, the two-vowel like nature of some of the diphthongs might result from careful reading. However, some of these features can also be identified in the conversation recording, and so may be more broadly characteristic of this Maori English speaker.
The second conversation is an interview between a male Maori interviewer and a female Maori interviewee, originally broadcast by Radio New Zealand. The male interviewer sounds rather more obviously Maori than the female speakers in the first conversation. For the interviewee, code-switching on Maori words is very obvious, although the Maori words do not always get the value that they would have in monolingual Maori.
Finally, there is a comment by a mature, male Maori speaker. This is a read passage, written by the speaker, The Right Reverend Muru Walters, MA, Dip Ed, LTh (Aot), Adv Dip Tchg, PGD (Arts) who is the Maori Anglican Bishop of Aotearoa (New Zealand) for the district ki te Upoko o te Ika (the Wellington region). The passage was first broadcast on Radio New Zealand. This speaker illustrates the use of English by someone who is a fluent Maori speaker, older than the other speakers illustrated here, and also highly educated. The voice quality is typical of a speaker of his generation, and the code-switching into Maori is obvious. Because the passage is read for broadcast, it is very clearly enunciated, and in that respect is not typical of conversational Maori English.
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