Died: 11 October 1948 in Paris, France

André Bloch's parents were of Alsatian and Jewish origin. André's father was a watchmaker with a business in Besançon. André was the oldest of his parents' three boys, his younger brothers being Georges (born 13 October 1894) and Henry. André and Georges were less than a year apart in age and ended up in the same class at the lycée in Besançon. Professor Carrus had taught the two boys mathematics in 1908-09 and recognised that both had considerable mathematical talents and should enter the competition for admission to the École Polytechnique. Georges Valiron taught both boys the following year. He wrote (see [1]):-

The following year, October 1910, I had both Bloch brothers in my class. André had already displayed his interest in the abstract properties to which he would later make such significant contributions. But he spoke rarely and didn't bother to prepare for the examinations. Georges was more lively and perhaps as good a mathematician as his brother. Georges was at the head of the class and clearly the best on the written examinations. André was last in my class of eleven students. André was lucky and got Ernest Vessiot to give him the oral exam [for entry into the École Polytechnique]. Vessiot recognized Andre's aptitude and gave him a 19 out of 20 on the oral.

Leaving the lycée in 1912, both brothers did one year of military training before beginning their university studies. In October 1913, André and his brother Georges entered the École Polytechnique; André ranked 151st, Georges ranked 229^th in the list of students entering that year. When World War I broke out in August 1914, both brothers were drafted into the army. Both André and Georges were injured while serving. André served as second-lieutenant in the artillery and was attached to the headquarters of General Noël Édouard, Vicomte de Curières de Castelnau, who commanded the Second French Army at the heights of Grand Couronné near Nancy. The Germans attempted to capture Nancy but, after a week of heavy fighting, were driven back. After the French advanced to the Seille river, the front stabilised and fighting went on with no progress by either side. André Bloch was part of the French forces here for several months before, during a heavy German bombardment, he fell from the top of an observation post. His injuries were severe and he was hospitalised a number of times but never regained his health sufficiently to return to his unit.

André's brother Georges was also wounded in the head in the fighting and lost the sight of one of his eyes. Like André, he was unfit to return to the fighting and, in October 1917, he returned to his academic studies at the École Polytechnique. On 17 November 1917, at a family meal, André murdered his brother Georges, his uncle and his aunt by stabbing them. After the murders he ran into the street shouting and was arrested without putting up any resistance. He was confined to a psychiatric hospital (Saint-Maurice Hospital also called Maison de Charenton) situated in the Paris outskirts where he was a model patient. Henri Baruk was a psychiatrist with an international reputation working at the hospital. He described André Bloch's typical day [2]:-

Every day for forty years this man sat at a table in a little corridor leading to the room he occupied, never budging from his position, except to take his meals, until evening. He passed his time algebraic or mathematical signs on bits of paper, or else plunged into reading and annotating books on mathematics whose intellectual level was that of the great specialists in the field. ... At six-thirty he would close his notebooks and books, dine, then immediately return to his room, fall on his bed and sleep through until the next morning. While other patients constantly requested that they be given their freedom, he was perfectly happy to study his equations and keep his correspondence up to date.

Bloch worked on a large range of mathematical topics; for example, function theory, geometry, number theory, algebraic equations and kinematics. He published articles such as: Sur les intégrales de Fresnel (1919), Mémoire d'analyse diophantienne linéaire (1922), Les propriétés diamétrales des coniques déduites de la définition focale (1924), Les théorèmes de M Valiron sur les fonctions entières et la théorie de l'uniformisation (1925), Les fonctions holomorphes et méromorphes dans le cercle-unité (1926), Le problème de la cubique lacunaire (1927), and Racines multiples des systèmes de m équations à m inconnues(1927). It is reasonable to ask how someone who was so completely isolated from the world of mathematics could have made such outstanding contributions. He seems to have learnt all the mathematics he knew from a few books which he was given in the mental hospital. He did subscribe to the Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques and corresponded with a number of mathematicians such as Jacques Hadamard, Gösta Mittag-Leffler, George Pólya and Henri Cartan. He wrote two papers in collaboration with Pólya, namely On the roots of certain algebraic equations (1932), and Abschätzung des Betrages einer Determinante (1933). Louis Mordell, in [8], explained how Hadamard and Bloch met:-

Hadamard said to me that as editor of a mathematical journal, he received rather good papers from someone unknown to him, so he invited him to dinner. His correspondent wrote that owing to circumstances beyond his control, he could not accept the invitation, but he invited Hadamard to visit him. Hadamard did so and found to his great surprise that his author was confined to a criminal lunatic asylum.

Pólya, like Hadamard, communicated with Bloch by correspondence. Szolem Mandelbrojt also seems to have befriended Bloch and visited him in the asylum. He is thought to have been Bloch's last visitor before he died.

Since Bloch was Jewish, he realised that he was in danger when France was occupied by Germany during World War II. He therefore published a number of articles under a pseudonym during the war years. For example his paper Sur une généralisation du théorème du Guldin (1941) appeared under the pseudonym René Binaud while three other of Bloch's articles in 1941 and 1942 appeared under the pseudonym Marcel Segond.

Bloch was a model patient who refused to go out saying "Mathematics is enough for me". His only interest, other than mathematics, appears to have been chess. Henri Baruk, Bloch's psychiatrist [2]:-

... found it difficult to imagine that such a charming, cultivated, polite man could have committed such an act.

One day Bloch's younger brother Henry, who had been living in Mexico, passed through Paris and went to the Maison de Charenton to visit his brother [2]:-

André gave no sign of affection or welcome to his brother. His manner was extremely cold.

The next day, Bloch explained the murders to his doctor Henri Baruk, saying that there had been mental illness in his family. He saw it as his eugenic duty! [2]:-

It's a matter of mathematical logic. There were mentally ill people in my family, on the maternal side, to be exact. The destruction of the whole branch had to follow as a matter of course. I started my job at the time of the famous meal, but never got a chance to finish it.

When Dr Baruk said that this was a horrifying way to think, Bloch replied [4]:

You are using emotional language. Above all there is mathematics and its laws. You know very well that my philosophy is based on pragmatism and absolute rationality. I have applied the example and the principles of a celebrated mathematician from Alexandria, Hypatia.

The reference to Hypatia seems puzzling, but Henri Cartan and Jacqueline Ferrand found the following quote by Charles Kingsley (in a book published in 1853 which Bloch may well have read), describing Hypatia's reaction to seeing gladiators massacre prisoners [4]:-

And yet Hypatia's countenance did not falter: why should it? What were their numbers beside the thousands who had perished year by year for centuries, by that and far worse details, in the amphitheaters of the empire, for that faith which she was vowed to re-establish. It was part of the great system and she must endure it. ... After all, what were the lives of those few semi-brutes, returning thus a few years earlier to the clay from which they sprang, compared with the regeneration of the world?

Dr Baruk diagnosed that Bloch was suffering from [2]:-

... morbid rationalism. [He committed] a crime of logic, performed in the name of absolute rationalism, as dangerous as any spontaneous passion.

It is likely that Bloch's wartime injury had damaged his prefrontal cortex and caused his condition. Of course, an alternative explanation would be to say that his behaviour proved that indeed there was mental illness in his family.

The Académie des Sciences awarded him the Becquerel Prize just before his death. He died in Saint-Anne Hospital where he had been admitted for an operation after developing leukaemia.

Of his mathematical results, Bloch is best known for "Bloch's theorem". Douglas Campbell writes [3]:-

An extremely pretty result in complex function theory concerns Bloch's theorem, a universal covering property for any non-constant analytic function. Although there is a simple classification of Riemann surfaces (hyperbolic, elliptic, parabolic), any specific Riemann surface can be a nasty, brutish, intricate object. Bloch's theorem provides a touch of beauty, a surprising quantitative invariance to the class of normalized hyperbolic Riemann surfaces.

Bloch's theorem, which appears in his 1925 paper, Les théorèmes de M Valiron sur les fonctions entières et la théorie de l'uniformisation, was (as the title of the paper suggests) inspired by a result by Georges Valiron. Related to Bloch's theorem is Bloch's constant B and Bloch showed that B ≥ ¹/₇₂ = 0.013888. In fact the remarkable property in the theorem is contained in the fact that B is strictly greater than 0. In 1937 Lars Ahlfors and Helmut Grunsky showed that 0.4330127 < B < 0.4718617. This has been improved to 0.4332127 < B < 0.4718617 but the precise value of the constant is still unknown.

His final publications were: (with Gustave Guillaumin) Sur le volume des polyèdres non euclidiens (1947), Sur les fonctions bornée à zéros multiples, les fonctions à valeurs ramifiées, et les couples de fonctions soumise à certaines conditions (1948) and the 141-page book, written with Gustave Guillaumin, La Géométrie intégrale du contour gauche (1949). Élie Cartan wrote the Preface to the book:-

Articles:

1. H Baruk, Mathématicien de Charenton, in Des hommes comme nous (Rombaldi, 1978), 223-228.
2. H Baruk, Mathematician of Charenton, in Patients are People Like Us: The Experiences of Half a Century in Neuropsychiatry (William Morrow, New York, 1978).
3. D M Campbell, Beauty and the beast : The Strange Case of André Bloch, The Mathematical Intelligencer 7 (4) (1985), 36-38.
4. H Cartan and J Ferrand, The Case of André Bloch, The Mathematical Intelligencer 10 (1) (1988), 23-26.
5. H Cartan and J Ferrand, Le cas André Bloch, Cahiers du séminaire d'histoire des mathématiques 9 (Paris, 1988), 210-219.
6. R Hersh and V John-Steiner, André Bloch, in Loving and Hating Mathematics: Challenging the Myths of Mathematical Life (Princeton University Press, 2011), 131-133.
7. The Mathematician In The Asylum, Providentia (February 20, 2011).
8. L J Mordell, Reminiscences of an Octogenarian Mathematician, Amer. Math. Monthly 78 (9) (1971), 952-961.
9. G Valiron, Des théorèmes de Bloch aux travaux d'Ahlfors, Bulletin des Sciences Mathématique 73 (1949), 152-162.