Homology Calculations-The Homology Groups of the Boundary of a Simplex |
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Proposition 1.1 Let K be the simplicial complex consisting of all the proper faces of an (n + 1)-dimensional simplex σ, where n > 0. Then
H0(K) ≅ Z, Hn(K) ≅ Z, Hq(K) = 0 when q ≠0, n.
Proof Let M be the simplicial complex consisting of the (n+1)-dimensional simplex σ, together with all its faces. Then K is a subcomplex of M, and Cq(K) = Cq(M) when q ≤ n.
It follows from Proposition 1.4in(Simplicial Homology Groups) that H0(M) ≅ Z and Hq(M) = 0 when q > 0. (Here 0 denotes the zero group.) Now Zq(K) = Zq(M) when q ≤ n, and Bq(K) = Bq(M) when q < n. It follows that Hq(K) = Hq(M) when q < n. Thus H0(K) ≅Z and Hq(K) = 0 when 0 < q < n. Also Hq(K) = 0 when q > n, since the simplicial complex K is of dimension n. Thus, to determine the homology of the complex K, it only remains to find Hn(K).
Let the (n+1)-dimensional simplex σ have vertices v0, v1, . . . , vn+1. Then
Cn+1(M) = {n〈v0, v1, . . . , vn+1〉 : n ∈ Z}.
and therefore Bn(M) = {nz : n ∈ Z}, where
z = ∂n+1 (〈v0, v1, . . . , vn+1〉).
Now Hn(M) = 0 . It follows that Zn(M) = Bn(M). But Zn(K) = Zm(M), since Cn(K) = Cn(M) and the definition of the boundary homomorphism on Cn(K) is consistent with the definition of the boundary homomorphism on Cn(M). Also Bn(K) = 0, because the simplicial complex K is of dimension n, and therefore has no non-zero n-boundaries. It follows that
Hn(K)≅Zn(K) = Zn(M) = Bn(M) ≅ Z.
Indeed Hn(K) = {n[z] : n ∈ Z}, where [z] denotes the homology class of the n-cycle z of K defined above.
Remark Note that the n-cycle z is an n-cycle of the simplicial complex K, since it is a linear combination, with integer coefficients, of oriented nsimplices of K. The n-cycle z is an n-boundary of the large simplicial complex M. However it is not an n-boundary of K. Indeed the n-dimensional simplicial complex K has no non-zero (n + 1)-chains, therefore has no nonzero n-boundaries. Therefore z represents a non-zero homology class [z] of Hn(K). This homology class generates the homology group Hn(K).
Remark The boundary of a 1-simplex consists of two points. Thus if K is the simplicial complex representing the boundary of a 1-simplex then H0(K) ≅ Z ⊕ IZ ,and Hq(K) = 0 when q > 0.
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