Died: 21 February 1912 in Watchet, Somerset, England

Osborne Reynolds' father was also called Osbourne Reynolds (born in Debach, Suffolk, England, about 1814; died in 1890) and was a priest in the Anglican church. However, he had an academic background having graduated from Cambridge in 1837, being elected to a fellowship at Queens' College, and being headmaster of first Belfast Collegiate School and then Dedham School in Essex. In fact it was a family with a tradition of the Church and three generations of Osborne's father's family had been the rector of Debach-with-Boulge. Osborne Reynolds' mother was Jane Bryce (born about 1815). She was a widow, the daughter of Edward Hickman. He had a younger brother Edward (1844-1907) who became a priest.

Osborne was born in Belfast when his father was Principal of the Collegiate School there, but began his schooling at Dedham when his father was headmaster of the school in that Essex town. After that he received private tutoring to complete his secondary education. He did not go straight to university after his secondary education, however, but rather he took an apprenticeship with the engineering firm of Edward Hayes in 1861. Reynolds wrote (actually in his application for the chair in Manchester in 1868) of his father's influence on him while he was growing up (see for example Lamb's article [8]):-

In my boyhood I had the advantage of the constant guidance of my father, also a lover of mechanics, and a man of no mean attainments in mathematics and its application to physics.

Reynolds, after gaining experience in the engineering firm, studied mathematics at Cambridge, graduating in 1867 as Seventh Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos (ranked seventh in the list of First Class students). As an undergraduate Reynolds had attended some of the same classes as Rayleigh who was one year ahead of him. As his father had before him, Reynolds was elected to a scholarship at Queens' College. He again took up a post with an engineering firm, this time the civil engineers John Lawson of London, spending a year as a practicing civil engineer.

Osborne Reynolds married Charlotte Jemima Chadwick (the daughter of Charles Chadwick, born about 1844) in Leeds on 22 July 1868. They had a son, also named Osborne (born in Rusholme, Lancashire in September 1869). Osborne Reynolds later married Annie Charlotte Wilkinson (born about 1860) in Leeds in 1882. They had four children, Henry (born 1883), Margaret (born 1885), Frank (born 1887), and Geoffrey (born 1889).

In 1868 Reynolds became the first professor of engineering in Manchester (and the second in England). Kargon writes in [1]:-

... a newly created professorship of engineering was advertised at Owens College, Manchester, at £500 per annum. Reynolds applied for the position and, despite his youth and inexperience, was awarded the post.

We should note in passing that Owens College would later become the University of Manchester. In his application for the post Reynolds wrote (see for example [8]):-

From my earliest recollection I have had an irresistible liking for mechanics and the physical laws on which mechanics as a science is based.

Reynolds set up the Whitworth laboratories at Owens College [3]:-

... and not only made them famous throughout the world but a pattern for the other European schools of research.

He held this chair in Manchester until he retired in 1905.

His early work was on magnetism and electricity but he soon concentrated on hydraulics and hydrodynamics. He also worked on electromagnetic properties of the sun and of comets, and considered tidal motions in rivers.

After 1873 Reynolds concentrated mainly on fluid dynamics and it was in this area that his contributions were of world leading importance. We summarise these contributions. He studied the change in a flow along a pipe when it goes from laminar flow to turbulent flow. In 1886 he formulated a theory of lubrication. Three years later he produced an important theoretical model for turbulent flow and it has become the standard mathematical framework used in the study of turbulence.

The author of [2] notes that:-

His studies of condensation and heat transfer between solids and fluids brought radical revision in boiler and condenser design, while his work on turbine pumps permitted their rapid development.

An account of Reynolds' work on hydrodynamic stability published in 1883 and 1895 is looked at in [9]. The 1883 paper is called An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water in parallel channels shall be direct or sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels. The 'Reynolds number' (as it is now called) used in modelling fluid flow which is named after him appears in this work.

Reynolds became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1877 and, 11 years later, won their Royal Medal. In 1884 he was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Glasgow. By the beginning of the 1900s Reynolds health began to fail and he retired in 1905. Not only did he deteriorate physically but also mentally, which was sad to see in so brilliant a man who was hardly 60 years old.

Not only is Reynolds important in terms of his research, but he is also important for the applied mathematics course he set up at Manchester. Anderson writes in [4]:-

Reynolds was a scholarly man with high standards. Engineering education was new to English universities at that time, and Reynolds had definite ideas about its proper form. He believed that all engineering students, no matter what their speciality, should have a common background based in mathematics, physics, and particularly the fundamentals of classical mechanics. ... Despite his intense interest in education, he was not a great lecturer. His lectures were difficult to follow, and he frequently wandered among topics with little or no connection.

In [8] Lamb, who knew Reynolds well both as a man and as a fellow worker in fluid dynamics, wrote:-

1. R H Kargon, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). 
   http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830903643.html
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
   http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063387/Osborne-Reynolds

Books:

1. J D Anderson, A History of Aerodynamics (Cambridge, 1997).
2. D M McDowell and J D Jackson, Osborne Reynolds and Engineering Science Today (Manchester, 1970).

Articles:

1. Calendar of anniversaries (Russian), Voprosy Istor. Estestvoznan. i Tekhn. (2) (1992), 128-130.
2. D Dowson, Osborne Reynolds centenary, 1886-1986, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 201 (1987), 75-96.
3. H Lamb, Osborne Reynolds, Proc. Roy. Soc. 88A (1912-13), xv-xxi.
4. N Rott, Note on the history of the Reynolds number, Annual review of fluid mechanics 22 (1990), 1-11.