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Joseph Ludwig Raabe  
  
104   01:05 مساءاً   date: 30-10-2016
Author : R Wolf
Book or Source : Joseph Raabe, Biographien zur Kulturgeschichte der Schweizer II
Page and Part : ...


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Date: 30-10-2016 117
Date: 26-10-2016 82
Date: 19-10-2016 144

 


Born: 15 May 1801 in Brody, Galicia (now Ukraine)

Died: 22 January 1859 in Zurich, Switzerland


Joseph Raabe's first name is often written as 'Josef' while his second name is sometimes written as 'Rabe'. Since his parents were poor, Raabe did not have the educational opportunities as a young boy so he had to learn mathematics largely working on his own. He was a very able young lad and was well able to earn a living as a private tutor of mathematics while he himself studied more advanced topics. By the age of nineteen, he had made enough from tutoring to travel to Vienna where he continued to fund himself by giving private tuition but, at the same time, he was able to study mathematics at the Polytechnikum.

In Vienna, Raabe was inspired by Johann von Littrow (1781-1840), who encouraged him to submit his work for publication in August Crelle's Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik which began publication in 1826. Von Littrow had studied at the Charles University of Prague, spent a period in Russia, and had been appointed professor of astronomy at the University of Vienna in 1819, shortly before Raabe arrived in that city. He became director of the first university observatory in Vienna and is remembered today through a crater on the moon that is named after him, and for the Littrow map projection. He published a paper in Part 3 of Volume 1 (1826) of Crelle's Journal and Raabe's first paper in that journal, entitled Allgemeine Theorie der Epicykeln, appeared in Part 4 of Volume 1. It is worth noting that his name appears both in the index and on the paper as "L Rabe of Vienna" but there is no doubt that this paper is by Joseph Raabe. In the second volume of the journal, published in 1827, Raabe has five papers: Uber den Stillstand der PlanetenSphärische PolygonometrieEigenschaften der Curven, die sich auf bestimmten Oberflächen befindenletztere zu beweisenUntersuchung über die Directrixen der Curven; andGleichungen der zweiten Ordnung in der Geometrie. He also has a a contribution in Aufgaben und Lehrsätze, erstere aufzulösen. Again we should note the different ways that his name appears in the volume. For example, for the paper Sphärische Polygonometrie his name appears in the index as "L Raabe", but on the paper itself as "Joseph L Rabe". For the paper Eigenschaften der Curven his name appears in the index as "J Raabe", but on the paper itself as "L Raabe", while for the paper Uber den Stillstand der Planeten his name appears in the index as "L Raabe", but on the paper itself as "Joseph L Raabe".

The first cholera pandemic to hit Europe started in 1829 in Moscow and St Petersburg and, over the next couple of years, spread through Poland, Germany and Austria. The disease was a major killer and spread panic through the population of the cities that it reached. By the autumn of 1831 it had reached Vienna and Raabe had no option but to stop giving his private mathematics lessons. He wanted to go to Munich and habilitate at the University there but he had a good friend in Vienna, the astronomer and geodesist Johannes Eschmann (1808-1852), who persuaded him to go instead to Zurich. Eschmann was Swiss, growing up as orphan in Winterthur, and had studied mathematics, astronomy and geodesy in Zurich, Paris and Vienna. He was studying under Johann von Littrow in Vienna when he became friends with Raabe. Eschmann and Raabe went to Zurich and Raabe found a home there and a position teaching mathematics at the Gymnasium. In 1833 the University of Zurich was founded by J K Orelli, and Laurenz Oken was appointed as its first rector. They made two inspiring appointments as privatdocents in mathematics, Gräffe and Raabe. Johannes Eschmann, Raabe's friend, was appointed to a similar position in astronomy.

Today Raabe's name is mostly remembered for Raabe's Test for convergence of series. This test appears in Raabe's paper Note zur Theorie der Convergenz und Divergenz der Reihen which was published in Volume 11 (1834) of Crelle's Journal. In fact Raabe did not publish any papers in Crelle's Journal after those we mentioned above in the first two volumes until this 1834 paper. He had published another paper on series while still in Vienna, however, namely Uber Reihen, deren Differenzenreihen wiederkehren (1829). The 1834 paper contains the famous Raabe's Test:

Suppose (an) is a sequence of positive terms and suppose that

an/an+1 = 1 + s/n + o(1/n) where s is a constant.

Then the series a1 + a2 + a3 + ... converges if s > 1 and diverges if s < 1. It is inconclusive if s = 1.

This test, which is an extension of d'Alembert's ratio test, often succeeds for series in which the terms contain factorials, where d'Alembert's simple ratio test is inconclusive.

In 1836 the University of Zurich appointed a professor of mathematics but the chair was not given to Raabe but rather to Anton Müller, a somewhat undistinguished mathematician. Not only was Raabe passed over, but so was his fellow privatdozent, the talented Karl Heinrich Gräffe. Over the following years, Müller published no research of any merit while both Raabe and Gräffe continued to produce highly significant contributions. Raabe's work on the Bernoulli polynomials deserves special mention. He wrote two major papers, a 52-page one in 1848 entitled Die Jacob Bernoullische Function and a 30-page paperZuruckfuhrung Einig Summen und auf die bestimmten Integrale Jakob Bernoullische Function published in 1851. The term "Bernoulli polynomials" was introduced by Raabe in this paper of 1851. We should also mention the important 3-volume treatise Differential- und Integralrechmmg (Zürich, 1839-47) which can still be purchased today, and the 2-volume Mathematischer Mittheilungen (1857-58). He also published Was ist der Gegenstand der Mathematik? in 1853.

In 1855 the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule was founded in Zurich (this institution was, in 1911, called the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule or the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology). Raabe was appointed as a professor at the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule in the year of its founding, but he did not hold this chair for long since he left his chair in 1858 and died in January of the following year at the age of 57 years. Richard Dedekind applied for Raabe's chair and was appointed in the spring of 1858, taking up the chair in the autumn of that year.


Articles:

  1. G Frei, Geschichte der Mathematik an der Universität Zürich und an ihren Vorläuferinstitutionen von ihren Anfängen bis 1914, in Jahrbuch Überblicke Mathematik 1994 (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1994), 217-244.
  2. U Stammbach, Geschichte der Mathematik an der ETH Zürich, 1855-1932, in Jahrbuch Überblicke Mathematik 1994 (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1994), 194-216.
  3. R Wolf, Joseph Raabe, Biographien zur Kulturgeschichte der Schweizer II (Zurich, 1860), 437-439.

 




الجبر أحد الفروع الرئيسية في الرياضيات، حيث إن التمكن من الرياضيات يعتمد على الفهم السليم للجبر. ويستخدم المهندسون والعلماء الجبر يومياً، وتعول المشاريع التجارية والصناعية على الجبر لحل الكثير من المعضلات التي تتعرض لها. ونظراً لأهمية الجبر في الحياة العصرية فإنه يدرّس في المدارس والجامعات في جميع أنحاء العالم. ويُعجب الكثير من الدارسين للجبر بقدرته وفائدته الكبيرتين، إذ باستخدام الجبر يمكن للمرء أن يحل كثيرًا من المسائل التي يتعذر حلها باستخدام الحساب فقط.وجاء اسمه من كتاب عالم الرياضيات والفلك والرحالة محمد بن موسى الخورازمي.


يعتبر علم المثلثات Trigonometry علماً عربياً ، فرياضيو العرب فضلوا علم المثلثات عن علم الفلك كأنهما علمين متداخلين ، ونظموه تنظيماً فيه لكثير من الدقة ، وقد كان اليونان يستعملون وتر CORDE ضعف القوسي قياس الزوايا ، فاستعاض رياضيو العرب عن الوتر بالجيب SINUS فأنت هذه الاستعاضة إلى تسهيل كثير من الاعمال الرياضية.

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