المرجع الالكتروني للمعلوماتية
المرجع الألكتروني للمعلوماتية

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التشريع
25-03-2015
المعاد الروحاني
9-08-2015
لماذا لا ننادي ونطلب من الله بدلا من الاموات ؟
3-10-2020
وجوب الإمساك عن الأكل والشرب
15-12-2015
عبد النبي بن علي بن أحمد الكاظمي.
17-7-2016
الارساب Deposition
2024-10-07

APPENDIX 1 - NEGATION  
  
314   02:59 صباحاً   date: 2024-08-20
Author : R. M. W. DIXON
Book or Source : Semantics AN INTERDISCIPLINARY READER IN PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS AND PSYCHOLOGY
Page and Part : 468-25


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Date: 2024-07-17 419
Date: 2023-10-30 687
Date: 15-2-2022 1168

APPENDIX 1 - NEGATION

The negative particle, gulu, can be looked upon as a semantic operator, that effectively replaces a feature in a semantic description by another feature from the same system. A simple example will illustrate this.

 

In text XXXIb, a girl goes out after dark in search of a mythical spirit, despite repeated warnings not to. There is in the text a pattern of semantic replacement1 involving essentially gulu ŋamban (bala bayumanganu guwal) ‘ didn’t listen (to what they were all saying) ’ and midyuganinyu ‘ repeatedly took no notice ’. In this instance the semantic replacement marks a relation of effective synonymy (in a particular context): gulu ŋamban has the same meaning as would midyun; midyuganinyu merely repeats, with the addition of -ganiy ‘kept on doing it’.

The dependency tree for set 4 is:

 

Now we are regarding gulu as an operator that replaces a feature in a semantic description by another feature from the same system (the other feature if it is a binary system). So that here gulu plus (attention, take notice, unseen; tr) is effectively (attention, take no notice; tr): gulu operates on feature ‘ take notice’, replacing it by ‘ take no notice ’ (no choice from system (seen, unseen} is possible after a ‘ take no notice ’ choice). However gulu ŋambart ‘ didn’t hear ’ and buɽan an ‘ saw ’ have also been observed in semantic replacement relation in Dyirbal texts. In this case gulu plus (attention, take notice, unseen; tr) is effectively (attention, take notice, seen; tr): gulu leaves alone ‘take notice’ but operates on ‘unseen’, replacing it by ‘seen’.

 

Generally, gulu ‘not’ can operate on any feature in a semantic description. Its precise operation in a particular instance can be inferred from semantic oppositions and replacements in the text (contextual correlations in the sense of Dixon 1965.111-7), or from the situational or other information available to a listener.

 

1 That is, there is a replacement correlation - see Dixon 1965.115-7 ff.; and compare n. a, p. 453 and n. a, p. 456, above.