

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
The scope of historical pragmatics
المؤلف:
Andreas Jacobs and Andreas H. Jucke
المصدر:
The historical; perspective in pragmatics
الجزء والصفحة:
10-1
16-4-2022
639
The scope of historical pragmatics
Under the heading historical pragmatics various linguistic research efforts can be given a historical dimension (cf. Cherubim 1984: 807f): e.g. a pragmaticalised semantics, speech act theory, the research into function words, the analysis of maxims of conversation, text analysis (text types, communication forms, text pragmatics; cf. Gumbrecht 1977), conversation analysis, language change, language norms and varieties.
In general, some pragmatic frameworks might be more suitable than others for research into historical pragmatics. Pragmatics comprises an extremely diverse range of research efforts not all of which seem equally suitable for contrastive pragmatics in general and for historical pragmatics in particular. Research efforts in pragmatics can be split up into general pragmatics, socio-pragmatics and pragma linguistics (Leech 1983: 10-11). General pragmatics concentrates on the general conditions of the communicative use of language. Such frameworks do not lend themselves easily to contrastive studies because these general conditions are taken to be relatively language independent. Socio-pragmatics concentrates on the local conditions of language use. Grice's cooperative principle and Leech's politeness principle, for instance, operate variably in different cultures and in different language communities. This is amply demonstrated by the different ways in which politeness is interpreted in cultures such as Japan, Britain and India.
Pragma linguistics analyses the linguistic (syntactic, lexical, etc.) means that a language makes available to fulfil certain functions and to realize particular speaker intentions. Speech act theory is one such framework. Both sociopragmatic and pragma linguistic frameworks should lend themselves not only to contrastive analyses but also to historical comparisons.
At the present state of research two approaches to the pragmatic study of earlier language states may be distinguished. We shall call them pragmaphilology and diachronic pragmatics. In the following we are going to introduce these approaches as we see them, review some of the existing literature, and indicate briefly how the articles of this volume fit into them.
الاكثر قراءة في pragmatics
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)