Figure 1 presents an overview of protein import from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix, the route into the mitochondrion followed by most imported proteins. Here we discuss in detail each step of protein transport into the matrix, then consider how some proteins are subsequently targeted to other compartments of the mitochondrion.
Fig1. Protein import into the mitochondrial matrix. Precursor proteins synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes are maintained in an unfolded or partially folded state by bound chaperones, such as cytosolic Hsp70 (step 1). After a precursor protein binds to an import receptor near a site of contact with the inner membrane (step 2), it is transferred into the general import pore (step 3). The translocating protein then moves through this channel and an adjacent channel in the inner membrane (steps 4–5). Note that translocation occurs at rare “contact sites” at which the inner and outer membranes appear to touch. Binding of the translocating protein by matrix Hsp70 and subsequent ATP hydrolysis by Hsp70 helps drive import into the matrix. Once the targeting sequence is removed by a matrix protease and Hsp70 is released from the newly imported protein (step 6), the protein folds into its mature, active conformation within the matrix (step 7). Folding of some proteins depends on matrix chaperonins. See G. Schatz, 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271:31763, and N. Pfanner et al., 1997, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13:25.
After synthesis in the cytosol, the soluble precursors of mitochondrial proteins (including hydrophobic integral membrane proteins) can interact directly with the mitochondrial membrane. Import of an unfolded mitochondrial pre cursor protein is initiated by the binding of a mitochondrial targeting sequence to an import receptor in the outer mitochondrial membrane. These import receptors were first identified by experiments in which antibodies to specific proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane were shown to inhibit protein import into isolated mitochondria. Subsequent genetic experiments in which the genes for specific mitochondrial outer-membrane proteins were mutated showed that specific receptor proteins were responsible for the import of different classes of mitochondrial proteins. For example, N-terminal matrix-targeting sequences are recognized by Tom20 and Tom22. (Proteins in the outer mitochondrial membrane involved in targeting and import are designated Tom proteins, for translocon of the outer membrane.)
Many proteins can be imported into the mitochondrion only in an unfolded state. Chaperone proteins such as cytosolic Hsp70 and Hsp90 use energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to keep nascent and newly made proteins in a dis aggregated state so that they are available to be taken up by mitochondria. For some mitochondrial precursor proteins, the mitochondrial outer-membrane protein Tom70 serves as an import receptor by binding to both Hsp90 and portions of the unfolded precursor protein.
The import receptors subsequently transfer the precursor protein to an import channel in the outer membrane. This channel, composed mainly of the Tom40 protein, is known as the general import pore because all known mitochondrial precursor proteins gain access to the interior compartments of the mitochondrion through it. When Tom40 is purified and incorporated into liposomes, it forms a transmembrane channel with a pore wide enough to accommodate an unfolded polypeptide chain. The general import pore forms a largely passive channel through the outer mitochondrial membrane; the driving force for unidirectional transport comes from within the mitochondrion, as we will see shortly. In the case of precursors destined for the mitochondrial matrix, transfer through the outer membrane occurs simultaneously with transfer through an inner-membrane channel composed of the Tim23 and Tim17 proteins. (Tim stands for translocon of the inner membrane.) Translocation into the matrix thus occurs at “contact sites” where the outer and inner membranes are in close proximity.
Soon after the N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence of a protein enters the mitochondrial matrix, it is removed by a protease that resides within the matrix. The emerging protein is also bound by matrix Hsp70, a chaperone that is localized to the translocation channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane by interaction with transmembrane protein Tim44. This binding stimulates ATP hydro lysis by matrix Hsp70, and together, Tim44 and Hsp70 are thought to power translocation of proteins into the matrix.
Some imported proteins can fold into their final, active conformation without further assistance. Final folding of many matrix proteins, however, requires chaperonins. As discussed in Chapter 3, chaperonin proteins actively facilitate protein folding by a process that depends on ATP. Yeast mutants defective in Hsc60, a chaperonin in the mitochondrial matrix, can import matrix proteins and cleave their targeting sequences normally, but the imported poly peptides fail to fold and assemble into their native tertiary and quaternary structures.
