Abnormalities that originate within the kidney and that abruptly diminish urine output fall into the general category of intrarenal AKI. This category of AKI can be further divided into (1) conditions that injure the glomerular capillaries or other small renal vessels, (2) conditions that damage the renal tubular epithelium, and (3) conditions that cause damage to the renal interstitium. This type of classification refers to the primary site of injury, but because the renal vasculature and tubular system are functionally interdependent, damage to the renal blood vessels can lead to tubular damage, and primary tubular damage can lead to damage of the renal blood vessels. Some causes of intrarenal acute kidney injury are listed in Table 1.

Table1. Some Causes of Intrarenal Acute  Kidney Injury

Acute Kidney Injury Caused by Glomerulonephritis

Acute glomerulonephritis is a type of intrarenal AKI usually caused by an abnormal immune reaction that damages the glomeruli. In about 95 percent of the patients with this disease, damage to the glomeruli occurs 1 to 3 weeks after an infection elsewhere in the body, usually caused by certain types of group A beta streptococci. The infection may have been a streptococcal sore throat, streptococcal tonsillitis, or even streptococcal infection of the skin. It is not the infection itself that damages the kidneys. Instead, over a few weeks, as antibodies develop against the streptococcal antigen, the antibodies and antigen react with each other to form an insoluble immune complex that becomes entrapped in the glomeruli, especially in the basement membrane portion of the glomeruli.

Once the immune complex has deposited in the glomeruli, many of the cells of the glomeruli begin to proliferate, but mainly the mesangial cells that lie between the endothelium and the epithelium. In addition, large numbers of white blood cells become entrapped in the glomeruli. Many of the glomeruli become blocked by this inflammatory reaction, and those that are not blocked usually become excessively permeable, allowing both protein and red blood cells to leak from the blood of the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular filtrate. In severe cases, either total or almost complete renal shut down occurs.

The acute inflammation of the glomeruli usually subsides in about 2 weeks and, in most patients, the kidneys return to almost normal function within the next few weeks to few months. Sometimes, however, many of the glomeruli are destroyed beyond repair, and in a small percentage of patients, progressive renal deterioration continues indefinitely, leading to CKD as described in a subsequent section of this chapter.

Tubular Necrosis as a Cause of Acute Kidney Injury

Another cause of intrarenal acute renal failure is tubular necrosis, which means destruction of epithelial cells in the tubules. Some common causes of tubular necrosis are (1) severe ischemia and inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tubular epithelial cells and (2) poisons, toxins, or medications that destroy the tubular epithelial cells.

Acute Tubular Necrosis Caused by Severe Renal Ischemia. Severe ischemia of the kidney can result from circulatory shock or other disturbances that severely impair the blood supply to the kidneys. If the ischemia is severe enough to seriously impair the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the renal tubular epithelial cells, and if the insult is prolonged, damage or eventual destruction of the epithelial cells can occur. When this damage occurs, tubular cells “slough off” and plug many of the nephrons, so that there is no urine output from the blocked nephrons; the affected nephrons often fail to excrete urine even when renal blood flow is restored to normal, as long as the tubules remain plugged. The most common causes of ischemic damage to the tubular epithelium are the pre renal causes of AKI associated with circulatory shock, as discussed earlier in this chapter.

Acute Tubular Necrosis Caused by Toxins or Medi cations. There is a long list of renal poisons and medications that can damage the tubular epithelium and cause AKI. Some of these substances are carbon tetrachloride, heavy metals (such as mercury and lead), ethylene glycol (which is a major component in antifreeze), various insecticides, some medications (such as tetracyclines) used as antibiotics, and cis-platinum, which is used in treating certain cancers. Each of these substances has a specific toxic action on the renal tubular epithelial cells, causing death of many of them. As a result, the epithelial cells slough away from the basement membrane and plug the tubules. In some instances, the basement membrane also is destroyed. If the basement membrane remains intact, new tubular epithelial cells can grow along the surface of the membrane, so the tubule may repair itself within 10 to 20 days.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Vicious Cycle of Chronic Kidney Disease Leading to End-Stage Renal Disease

Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury Caused by Decreased Blood Flow to the Kidney

kidney Diseases

Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action

Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with Normal Blood Volume

Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume

Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake

Role of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Controlling Renal Excretion

Role of Aldosterone in Controlling Renal Excretion

Role of Ang II in Controlling Renal Excretion

Sympathetic Nervous System Control of Renal Excretion: Arterial Baroreceptor and Low-Pressure Stretch Receptor Reflexes

Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance