Manufacturing Techniques

The earliest commercial methods used slurry polymerizations with liquid hydrocarbon diluents, like hexane or heptane. These diluents carried the propylene and the catalyst. Small amounts of hydrogen were fed into the reaction mixtures to control molecular weights. The catalyst system consisted of a deep purple or violet-colored TiCl₃ reacted with diethyl aluminum chloride. The TiCl₃ was often prepared by reduction of TiCl₄ with an aluminum powder. These reactions were carried out in stirred autoclaves at temperatures below 90C and at pressures sufficient to maintain a liquid phase. The concentration of propylene in the reaction mixtures ranged between 10 and 20%. The products formed in discrete particles and were removed at 20–40% concentrations of solids. Unreacted monomer was withdrawn from the product mixtures and reused. The catalysts were deactivated and dissolved out of the products with alcohol containing some HCl, or removed by steam extraction. This was followed by extraction of the amorphous fractions with hot liquid hydrocarbons. Later bulk polymerization processes were developed where liquid propylene was either used as the only diluent in a loop reactor or permitted to boil out to remove the heat of reaction. The second was done in stirred vessels with vapor space at the top. More recently, gas-phase polymerizations of propylene were introduced. The technology is similar to the gas-phase technology in ethylene polymerizations [15] described in Sect. 6.1.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

الهيأة العليا لإحياء التراث تصدر رسالة في أصول الفقه للمحقق السيد محمد الخسروشاهي

العتبة العباسية المقدسة تطلق محاضرات محفل نهج البلاغة الأسبوعي في بغداد

المجمع العلمي يجري الاختبارات النظرية للدورات القرآنية في النجف الأشرف

قسم التطوير يجري اختبارات الدفعة التاسعة لمنتسبي العتبة العباسية المقدسة المتقدمين لأكاديمية التطوير الإداري

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

العين تحت المراقبة.. عدسات لاصقة تكشف خطرا قبل فوات الأوان

قائمة طعام تُرهق ضغط الدم.. تجنبها سريعاً

دراسة: تنويع الأنشطة الرياضية يطيل العمر

كشف علمي "مذهل": ماذا يحدث للمخ في حالة عدم النوم ليلا؟

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

اكتشاف الخلايا المسؤولة عن فقدان ذاكرة الطفولة

صور فضائية ترصد "ظاهرة" سببها السيارات الكهربائية

إقالة مدرب إسباني بسبب "Chat GPT".. ماذا حدث؟

بسبب إدمان الشباب.. منصات تواصل عالمية أمام القضاء الأميركي

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Polypropylene

Materials Similar to Polyethylene

Commercial High-Density Polyethylene, Properties, and Manufacture

Preparation of Polyethylene by Coordination Mechanism

Preparation of Polyethylene by a Free-Radical Mechanism

Polyethylene and Related Polymers

Thermodynamics of Ring-Opening Polymerization

Ring-Opening Polymerizations by a Free Radical Mechanism

Polymerization of Trioxane

Ring-Opening Polymerizations of Cyclic Acetals

Polymerization of Oxepanes

The Propagation Reaction