The reoviruses (Table 1) were first isolated from respiratory and enteric specimens and therefore are referred to as respiratory-enteric-orphan viruses (reoviruses). The term “orphan” originally was included in the description of the virus as a result of the absence of an associated disease when the viruses were first described. Reoviruses infect most mammalian species and are readily detected in water contaminated with animal feces. Common human pathogens of this family include the rotavirus and the agent of Colorado tick fever. Rotaviruses are nonenveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses composed of three concentric protein shells, the outer shell, the inner shell, and the core. Based on the proteins present in these shells, rotavirus is further classified into seven distinct groups, A through G; groups A, B and C cause human disease. Rotavirus is now recognized as the major causative agent of infantile severe gastroenteritis throughout the world. Worldwide, rotavirus is responsible for more than 111 million cases per year, resulting in more than 2 million hospitalizations and 352,000 to 592,000 deaths. Gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus can occur in children of all ages but is most common in infants from 6 months to 3 years old. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of vomiting, followed by explosive, watery diarrhea and moderate to high fever, often accompanied by dehydration. The severity of the disease often is worse for children in developing countries because of malnutrition and limited or delayed health care. Rotaviruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, although airborne transmission has been suspected as the cause of nosocomial infections and outbreaks in nursing homes, hospitals, and day care centers. Rotavirus occurs more frequently in the winter months in temper ate climates.

Table1. Reoviruses

Many methods of laboratory testing are available for the diagnosis of rotavirus. Rotavirus can be detected directly in the stool using ELISA, latex agglutination, RT-PCR, cell culture, and electrophoretic separation of the viral genome or electron microscopy. The latex agglutination test offers rapid results with limited laboratory equipment, an advantage in developing countries where resources are limited. Rotavirus is difficult to cultivate from human specimens. Viral isolation is not normally attempted.

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