Overview of Acute Viral Respiratory Infections
المؤلف:
Stefan Riedel, Jeffery A. Hobden, Steve Miller, Stephen A. Morse, Timothy A. Mietzner, Barbara Detrick, Thomas G. Mitchell, Judy A. Sakanari, Peter Hotez, Rojelio Mejia
المصدر:
Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology
الجزء والصفحة:
28e , p443-444
2025-10-28
48
Many types of viruses gain access to the human body via the respiratory tract, primarily in the form of aerosolized droplets or saliva. This is the most frequent means of viral entry into the host. Successful infection occurs despite nor mal host protective mechanisms, including the mucus covering most surfaces, ciliary action, collections of lymphoid cells, alveolar macrophages, and secretory IgA. Many infections remain localized in the respiratory tract, although some viruses produce their characteristic disease symptoms after systemic spread (eg, chickenpox, measles, and rubella; see Table 1 and Figure 1).
Table1. Common Routes of Viral Infection in Humans
Fig1. Mechanisms of spread of virus through the body in human viral infections. + indicates possible sites of viral replication; large arrows indicate sites of shedding of virus, with illustrative examples of diseases in which that route of excretion is important. Transfer from blood is by transfusion with hepatitis B and by mosquito bite in certain arboviral infections. SSPE, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. (Modified from Mims CA, White DO: Viral Pathogenesis and Immunology. Copyright © 1984 by Blackwell Science Ltd. With permission from Wiley.)
Respiratory infections impose a heavy disease burden worldwide. Respiratory infections are the most common cause of mortality for children younger than 5 years, with diarrheal disease the second leading cause. Disease symptoms exhibited by the host depend on whether the infection is concentrated in the upper or lower respiratory tract (Table 2). The severity of respiratory infection can range from inapparent to overwhelming. Although definitive diagnosis requires isolation of the virus, identification of viral gene sequences, or demonstration of a rise in antibody titer, the specific viral disease can frequently be deduced by considering the major symptoms, the patient’s age, the time of year, and any pattern of illness in the community.
Table2. Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
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