Not all carboxylic acid derivatives are equally reactive
المؤلف:
Jonathan Clayden , Nick Greeves , Stuart Warren
المصدر:
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
الجزء والصفحة:
ص205
2025-05-11
434
We can list the common carboxylic acid derivatives in a ‘hierarchy’ of reactivity, with the most reactive at the top and the least reactive at the bottom. The nucleophile is the same in each case (water), as is the product, the carboxylic acid, but the electrophiles vary from very reactive to unreactive. The conditions needed for successful reaction show just how large is the variation on reactivity. Acid chlorides react violently with water. Amides need refluxing with 10% NaOH or concentrated HCl in a sealed tube at 100 °C overnight. We’ve seen that this hierarchy is partly due to how good the leaving group is (the ones at the top are best). But it also depends on the reactivity of the acid derivatives. Why is there such a large difference?
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