Since water adds to (at least some) carbonyl compounds, it should come as no surprise that alcohols do too. The product of the reaction is known as a hemiacetal, because it is halfway to an acetal, a functional group that you met in Chapter 2 (p. 32) and that will be discussed in detail in Chapter 11. The mechanism follows in the footsteps of hydrate formation: just use ROH instead of HOH.

In the mechanism above, as in the mechanism of hydrate formation on p. 134, a proton has to be transferred between one oxygen atom and the other. We have shown a molecule of ethanol (or water) doing this, but it is impossible to defi ne exactly the path taken by any one pro ton as it transfers between the oxygen atoms. It might not even be the same proton: another possible mechanism is shown below on the left, where a molecule of ethanol simultaneously gives away one proton and takes another. In the simplest case, the proton just hops from one oxygen to another, as shown in the right, and there is no shame in writing this mechanism: it is no more or less correct than the others.

What is certain is that proton transfers between oxygen atoms are very fast and are reversible, and for that reason we don’t need to be concerned with the details—the proton can always get to where it needs to be for the next step of the mechanism. As with all these carbonyl group reactions, what is really important is the addition step, not what happens to the protons. Hemiacetal formation is reversible, and hemiacetals are stabilized by the same special structural features as those of hydrates. However, hemiacetals can also gain stability by being cyclic—when the carbonyl group and the attacking hydroxyl group are part of the same molecule. The reaction is now an intramolecular (within the same molecule) addition, as opposed to the intermolecular (between two molecules) ones we have considered so far.

Although the cyclic hemiacetal (also called lactol) product is more stable, it is still in equilibrium with some of the open-chain hydroxy aldehyde form. Its stability, and how easily it

forms, depends on the size of the ring: five- and six-membered rings are free from strain (their bonds are free to adopt 109° or 120° angles—compare the three-membered rings on p. 135), and five- or six-membered hemiacetals are common. Among the most important examples are many sugars. Glucose, for example, is a hydroxy aldehyde that exists mainly as a six-membered cyclic hemiacetal (>99% of glucose is cyclic in solution), while ribose exists as a five-mem bered cyclic hemiacetal.

مواضيع ذات صلة

Addition of water to aldehydes and ketones

Addition of organometallic reagents to aldehydes and ketones

Nucleophilic attack by ‘hydride’ on aldehydes and ketones

The angle of nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones

Attack of cyanide on aldehydes and ketones

Molecular orbitals explain the reactivity of the carbonyl group

Step-by-step guide to drawing mechanisms with curly arrows

Curly arrows are vital for learning organic chemistry

Mechanisms with several steps

Watch out for five-valent carbons

Drawing your own mechanisms with curly arrows

σ bonds as nucleophiles