Complicated molecules that have been isolated from natural sources are always given trivial names because in these cases the systematic names really are impossible! Strychnine is a famous poison featured in many detective stories and a molecule with a beautiful structure. All chemists refer to it as strychnine as the systematic name is virtually unpronounceable. Two groups of experts at IUPAC and Chemical Abstracts also have different ideas on the system atic name for strychnine. Others like this are penicillin, DNA, and folic acid.

But the champion is vitamin B12, a complicated cobalt complex with a three-dimensional structure of great intricacy. No chemist would learn this structure but would look it up in an advanced textbook of organic chemistry. You will find it in such books in the index under vitamin B₁₂ and not under its systematic name. We do not even know what its systematic name might be and we are not very interested.

Even fairly simple but important molecules, the amino acids for example, which have systematic names that are relatively easy to understand, are normally referred to by their trivial names, which are, with a bit of practice, easy to remember and hard to muddle up. They are given in full in Chapter 23.

A very flexible way of getting new, simple names for compounds can be to combine a bit of systematic nomenclature with trivial nomenclature. Alanine is a simple amino acid that occurs in proteins. Add a phenyl group and you have phenylalanine, which is a more complex amino acid also in proteins. Toluene, the common name for methylbenzene, can be com bined (both chemically and in making names for compounds!) with three nitro groups to give the famous explosive trinitrotoluene or TNT.

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Curly arrows show the movement of electrons

Curly arrows represent reaction mechanisms

Identifying an electrophile

Nucleophiles and electrophiles

Orbital overlap is essential for successful reaction

Reactions happen when electrons flow between molecules

Orbital overlap brings molecules together

Charge attraction brings molecules together

Not all collisions between molecules lead to chemical change

Chemical reactions

Rotation and rigidity

The carbonyl group