Sometimes a number can be included in the name to indicate which carbon atom the functional group is attached to. None of the above list needed a number—check that you can see why not for each one. When numbers are used, the carbon atoms are counted from one end. In most cases, either of two numbers could be used (depending on which end you count from); the one chosen is always the lower of the two. Again, some examples will illustrate this point. Notice again that some functional groups are named by prefixes, some by suffixes, and that the number always goes directly before the functional group name.

One carbon atom can have as many as four functional groups: this limit is reached with tetrabromoethane, CBr4. Here are some other examples of compounds with more than one functional group.

Again, the numbers indicate how far the functional groups are from the end of the carbon chain. Counting must always be from the same end for each functional group. Notice how we use di-, tri-, and tetra- if there is more than one of the same functional group. With cyclic compounds, there isn’t an end to the chain, but we can use numbers to show the distance between the two groups—start from the carbon atom carrying one of the functional groups, then count round. These rules work for hydrocarbon frameworks that are chains or rings, but many skeletons are branched. We can name these by treating the branch as though it were a functional group.

مواضيع ذات صلة

Curly arrows show the movement of electrons

Curly arrows represent reaction mechanisms

Identifying an electrophile

Nucleophiles and electrophiles

Orbital overlap is essential for successful reaction

Reactions happen when electrons flow between molecules

Orbital overlap brings molecules together

Charge attraction brings molecules together

Not all collisions between molecules lead to chemical change

Chemical reactions

Rotation and rigidity

The carbonyl group