

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

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Assessment
Fricatives
المؤلف:
Ma. Lourdes G. Tayao
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
1054-62
2024-06-18
1347
Fricatives
F and V are present in the acrolect and mesolect but absent in the basilect, except among speakers of Philippine languages like Ibanag, which has these two fricatives in its phonetic inventory. Amongst basilectal speakers the voiceless [p] and [b] are substituted for [f] and [v] respectively. In the mesolectal group the substitution of [p] for [f] is not as frequent as of [b] for [v]. Some inconsistencies from the point of view of gAmE occur – for example, there is no distinction in the pronunciation of the prepositions of and off in PhlE, although the former calls for the use of [v] and the latter [f] in many varieties of AmE.
The interdental fricatives [θ] and [ð] are likewise absent in the basilect (and in most Philippine languages). They are substituted with the alveolar stops [t] for [θ] and [d] for [ð] in the basilect; but are in free variation in the other two varieties. Acrolect and mesolect speakers produce /θ/ and /ð/ sounds in focused and deliberate speech.
Of the sibilants [z], [ʃ] and [Ʒ], are absent in the basilect variety (as in most Philippine languages). This is an example of a split category where one phoneme in the native language, /s/, has several different distinct phoneme equivalents in the target language. Hence, among speakers of the basilect, /z/ is rendered [s], /ʃ/ and /Ʒ/ are pronounced [sij] in initial position and [ts] and [ds] in final position. Examples of the former are [sijur] for sure, and [sijor] for shore. Examples of the latter are [garads] for garage and [bus] for bush.
All of the sibilants are present in the acrolect. Among the mesolect group of speakers, [z], [ʃ], or [Ʒ] are pronounced as in gAmE in word-initial, but not in word-medial or word-final position. Thus, initial /z/ in zoo is pronounced as [z] but is rendered [s] in final position as in buzz. The phoneme /ʃ/ in word-medial and word-final positions occur as [sj] and [s] respectively; thus [lisjur] for leisure and [bas] for bash.
There is final devoicing of [Ʒ] in all three varieties of PhlE. This applies even to the noun plural and 3rd singular verb morphemes. Thus plays, birds and runs all have [s], rather than the voicing assimilation rule of gAmE, which would result in [z]. The same applies to the /ɪZ/ allophone of noun plurals, which occurs as [is] or [εs] – thus [basεs] for buses, rather than [bΛsɪZ] in the target language.
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الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)