

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Vowels MOUTH
المؤلف:
Peter Finn
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
973-56
2024-05-29
1214
Vowels MOUTH
Wood (1987: 124–125) maintains that ‘raised’ (and often glide-weakened) onsets in MOUTH are typical of Extreme CFE speakers and are very common among L1 speakers, but would be avoided by those higher up the social scale, who usually use [aʊ]. Hastings (1979, quoted in Wood 1987: 111) maintains that diphthong weakening is typical of CFE. However, detailed research by Finn (forthcoming) has revealed that in fact, MOUTH (like PRICE) is subject to a sub-phonemic Canadian Raising rule, whereby onsets are non-low in pre-fortis environments but low elsewhere. Thus, typical realizations are BOUT as [bɐut], [bæut] compared to BOWED and BOUGH as
and [bau] respectively. Other non-low pre-fortis realizations include [Λu] and [əu], while other non-prefortis realizations include [ɑu] and [ɒu]. Also similarly to PRICE, offsets of MOUTH are in fact typically markedly peripheral (i.e. strongly backed and rounded) rather than weakened. Once again, Lanham (1982: 343) maintains that ‘high diphthongal glides’ are characteristic of Afrikaans-influenced English generally, and used even by well-educated speakers – as confirmed in Wood’s (1987: 137–138) and my own data. It is particularly noticeable in word-final position. When reduction does occur it is typically in unstressed position or before /l/ (e.g. [ʔa'əƗ] owl). In hiatus (as in the subset POWER), the offset is typically realized as [w] (e.g. ['pauwɐ']).
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