

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Vowels GOAT
المؤلف:
Peter Finn
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
971-56
2024-05-29
1133
Vowels GOAT
Although there is a high degree of variability here, analysis of Wood’s (1987: 125ff) and my own data reveals that realizations are typically in the region of [ɐu] and [Λu] , for all speakers; other realizations observed include [əu], [çu] , [ɒu] fairly frequently, and less often [ou], [au]. There is also some evidence for a Canadian Raising-type distribution, with back onsets tending to occur in pre-fortis environments and non-back onsets elsewhere. Despite the fact that Wood records some cases of offset weakening, e.g. [ɔʊ] , [oʊ] , and Hastings (1979, quoted in Wood 1987: 111) maintains that diphthong weakening is typical of CFE, the available data would suggest that in fact such weakening occurs especially (a) before /l/ – where, in common with SAfE, onset quality is also affected, typically yielding [ɒ'] (e.g.
) – and (b) in unstressed position. In fact, as with MOUTH, offsets of GOAT are typically markedly peripheral (i.e. strongly backed and rounded) rather than weakened. Yet again, Lanham (1982: 343) maintains that this ‘high diphthongal glide’ is characteristic of Afrikaans-influenced English generally, and used even by well-educated speakers – as confirmed in Wood’s (1987: 137–138) and my own data. It is particularly noticeable in word-final position. In hiatus (as in the subset GOING), the offset is typically realized as [w] (e.g. ['gɐuwiŋ]). Wood (1987: 137–138) observes that both onset lowering and markedly backed and rounded offsets, are typical across the social scale.
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