

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
‘Maori English’
المؤلف:
Paul Warren and Laurie Bauer
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
615-35
2024-04-22
916
‘Maori English’
It should be noted at the outset that Maori English is not a homogeneous variety, and that there may be several distinguishable Maori Englishes. It should also be noted that there is a great deal of research which indicates clearly that Maori English cannot simply be equated with ‘the English spoken by people of Maori ethnicity’. There are Pakehas who speak Maori English, and Maori people who speak Pakeha English. Experiments in which New Zealanders are asked to judge the ethnicity of other New Zealanders on the basis of their accent typically find low rates of accuracy. What we are dealing with is, thus, to some extent a stereo-type of a variety, a stereotype which is nevertheless well recognized in New Zealand. Bell (2000) terms it ‘Maori Vernacular English’ or ‘MVE’. Because this stereotype is most often met among young men of relatively low socio-economic status, the variety has low overt prestige in New Zealand. Speakers of high socioeconomic status or speakers who aspire to high socio-economic status may use a very modified version of Maori English, although they may also be bi-dialectal. Most of the speakers in the sound recordings deviate from the most stereotypical forms of Maori English in this way, although they do have audible ‘Maori’ features in their speech. As noted above, for many Maori people, Maori English appears to provide an expression of identity, and as such has its own set of values attached to it, separate from the low overt prestige it bears within the Pakeha community.
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