

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
London as “innovator”
المؤلف:
Ulrike Altendorf and Dominic Watt
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
184-9
2024-03-06
1188
London as “innovator”
An important aspect in the linguistic development and folk-linguistic perception of the Southeast is the presence of the capital London within this area. London has a long tradition as a source of linguistic innovation for accents of the surrounding area as well as for RP itself. In recent years, a number of London working-class variants have not only been spreading to areas outside London but also to higher social classes, including the RP-speaking upper and upper middle classes. Wells describes this trend in a series of articles, in one of which he states that “some of the changes … can reasonably be attributed to influence from Cockney – often overtly despised, but covertly imitated” (Wells 1994: 205). This development is currently exciting a high degree of public attention.
Another phenomenon connected with the Southeast of England which is attracting much public attention is the occurrence of variants associated with London English in urban accents as distant from Southeast England as Hull (in east Yorkshire) and Glasgow (in central Scotland). These variants are, in particular, T-glottalling, TH-fronting and labio-dental
. The British media have had a tendency to attribute, in a very simplistic way, the presence of these features in the speech of younger speakers of these accents to the direct influence of metropolitan London English. This, some media observers believe, is linked closely to the popularity throughout the United Kingdom of the London-based television soap opera EastEnders, which has for nearly two decades been one of Britain’s most popular television programmes. A product of this alleged connection is the label Jockney – a blend of Jock (a nickname for a Scotsman) and Cockney – which has been used by some journalists to describe a new form of Glaswegian dialect borrowing from the television series EastEnders. However, in view of (a) the substantial body of evidence which points to the crucial role of face-to-face interaction in the transmission of changes in pronunciation, and (b) the continuing absence of any compelling evidence of the adoption of innovative forms as a direct consequence of television viewing, it is problematic to attribute the occurrence of these variants in accents outside Southeast England to the dissemination of London English in public broadcasting. Furthermore, it does not seem very likely that attitudes toward London English among speakers in cities like Hull and Glasgow are generally favorable. In any case, many of the so-called London variants have long existed in the accents of areas surrounding cities such as Glasgow and Norwich, and appear more likely to have originated from accents of the immediate vicinity than to have spread from London on the antiquity of T-glottalling in geographically dispersed regions of the British Isles).
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)