Ruffini's Rule
Ruffini's rule a shortcut method for dividing a polynomial by a linear factor of the form 
which can be used in place of the standard long division algorithm. This method reduces the polynomial and the linear factor into a set of numeric values. After these values are processed, the resulting set of numeric outputs is used to construct the polynomial quotient and the polynomial remainder.
Note that Ruffini's rule is a special case of the more generalized notion of synthetic division in which the divisorpolynomial is a monic linear polynomial. Confusingly, Ruffini's rule is sometimes referred to as synthetic division, thus leading to the common misconception that the scope of synthetic division is significantly smaller than that of the long division algorithm.
For an example of Ruffini's rule, consider 
divided by 
. First, if a power of 
is missing from the dividend, a term with that power and a zero coefficient must be inserted into the correct position in the polynomial. In this case the 
term is missing from the dividend, so 
must be added between the cubic and linear terms:
 |
(1)
|
Next, all the variables and their exponents (
, 
, 
) are removed from the dividend, leaving only a list of the dividend's coefficients: 
, 
, 
, and 
. Next, because only the constant term (
) of the linear factor 
is necessary for Ruffini's rule, the divisor is modified into a one-term "sequence" 
. Note that if the divisor were 
, rewriting as
would result in a modified divisor sequence of 
instead.
The numbers representing the divisor and the dividend sequences are placed into a division-like configuration:
The first number in the dividend (
) is put into the first position of the result area (below the horizontal line). This number is the coefficient of the 
term in the original dividend polynomial:
Then this first entry in the result (
) is multiplied by the divisor (
) and the product is placed under the next term in the dividend (
):
Next the number from the dividend and the result of the multiplication are added together and the sum is put in the next position on the result line:
This process is continued for the remainder of the numbers in the dividend:
The result is the sequence 
, 
, 
, 
. All numbers except the last become the coefficients of the quotient polynomial. Since a cubic polynomial was divided by a linear term, the quotient is a 2nd degree polynomial:
 |
(2)
|
The last entry in the result list (namely, 
) is the remainder. The quotient and remainder can be combined into one expression:
 |
(3)
|
(Note that no division operations were performed to compute the answer to this division problem.)
To verify that this process has worked, one can multiply the quotient by the divisor and add the remainder to obtain the original dividend polynomial:
Ruffini's rule can be used in conjunction with the polynomial remainder theorem to evaluate a polynomial at a real value. For example, consider the polynomial
 |
(6)
|
To find the value of 
, the remainder theorem states that 
is the remainder when 
is divided by 
. Using Ruffini's rule, one obtains:
Therefore 
.
REFERENCES:
Lipschutz, S. Schaum's Outline of Linear Algebra. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 326-327, 2000.
Press, W. H.; Flannery, B. P.; Teukolsky, S. A.; and Vetterling, W. T. "Polynomials and Rational Functions." §5.3 in Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 173-176, 1992. http://www.library.cornell.edu/nr/bookcpdf/c5-3.pdf.
