Born: 22 May 1916 in Munich, Germany

Died: 8 November 2001 in Cambridge, England

Albrecht Fröhlich was known as Ali to his friends. His parents were Frida and Julius Fröhlich. The family were Jewish, and Albrecht was the youngest of three children. His sister Betti was born in 1904 and his brother Herbert was born one year later, both in the Black Forest town of Rexingen which was Frida and Julius' home town. Albrecht, therefore, was around eleven years younger than his brother and sister. After attending an elementary school, Albrecht became a pupil at the Wittlesbacher Gymnasium in 1926. Rather surprisingly he did not shine in mathematics at this high school, but rather it was in history and religion that he produced outstanding work. He certainly did well in mathematics and science but he was awarded poor marks for languages such as English and Latin.

In 1933 Albrecht left the Gymnasium. His brother Herbert was now 28 years old, had obtained his doctorate at the University of Munich for a thesis on the photoelectric effect in metals supervised by Sommerfeld, and was completing his habilitation thesis. Betti was married and living in Palestine. Political events which began in that year, however, would change completely the future course of the lives of the Fröhlich family. On 30 January 1933 Hitler came to power and on 7 April 1933 the Civil Service Law provided the means of removing Jewish teachers from the universities, and of course also to remove those of Jewish descent from other roles. Albrecht joined a group of Jewish students with left wing views who openly opposed the Nazis. Soon he realised that opposition was impossible for his father was beaten up and he was arrested. As soon as he was released he went to the French Consulate and within hours he was safe in Alsace. His parents followed a few days later, joining him in Alsace. By this time Herbert had been appointed as a privatdozent at the University of Freiburg, but he was dismissed under the Civil Service Law.

After working in a chocolate factory in Alsace for a year Fröhlich, with his parents, went to Haifa in Palestine, a move which was possible since his sister lived there. He worked at a number of manual jobs to earn money to support himself and his parents. First he worked on roads, then as an electrician on the railways. His brother Herbert, after going to Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad in 1934, found that the political situation again forced him to escape. He went to England where from 1935 he held an appointment as a lecturer in physics at the University of Bristol. When the war ended, he wrote to his brother in Haifa, suggesting that he come to England and study for a degree at Bristol. Perhaps we should pause for a moment and reflect that Fröhlich, the subject of this biography, was now nearly thirty years old, yet had no university education. At the age by which most mathematicians had produced their most innovative work, he had no formal school qualifications and still was undecided about what subject he should study at university. After first considering taking a degree in engineering, he soon settled on mathematics.

Of course Herbert had to persuade Bristol to accept his brother, despite his lack of qualifications. Albrecht had to persuade the Palestinian authorities to let him leave, and he had to obtain a visa to go to Britain so this meant that he had to convince some officials that, although he was a railway electrician, he really had been accepted for university study. The difficulties were overcome but it was December 1945 before he reached Bristol to begin a course which had begun on 1 October. Despite the late start, Fröhlich made quite remarkable progress and began research working under Hans Heilbronn in 1948. In fact a few years earlier Heilbronn had a very similar experience to Fröhlich's brother, being dismissed under the Civil Service Law while an assistant in Germany. Fröhlich's thesis was in two parts, the first being completed by September 1949 and published as the paper The representation of a finite group as a group of automorphisms on a finite Abelian group (1950). The purpose behind the research was made clear by Hirsch in a review:-

Investigations on the class-groups of self-conjugate algebraic number fields have led the author to consider the problem in what manner a given finite group G of order h can be represented as a group of automorphisms of an Abelian group A of order n. This problem is solved in the present paper under the restriction that (h, n) = 1.

The second part of his thesis was published in 1952 as the paper On the class group of relatively Abelian fields. The paper was reviewed by Heilbronn who wrote:-

The author investigates the class-groups (in a wider sense) of abelian fields, using the fact that they form (written additively) a representation module of the Galois group of a field. The necessary extension of representation theory was published by the author in a previous paper [The representation of a finite group as a group of automorphisms on a finite Abelian group (1950)].

Fröhlich married Ruth Brooks, who was a medical student at Bristol, in 1950. Ruth qualified as a GP and had a career in that profession until she retired in 1993. Before completing his doctoral studies, Fröhlich was appointed as an assistant lecturer at Leicester where he began teaching in 1952. He was promoted to a lecturer in mathematics after one year, but moved to Keele in 1952. His research progressed exceptionally well and he published five papers in 1954: On fields of class two; On the absolute class group of Abelian fields; A note on the class field tower; The generalization of a theorem of L Rédei's; and A remark on the class number of Abelian fields. An extract from a review of the first of these papers explains the concepts being studied:-

In the present paper the fields of at most class two over the rational field are studied, the class of a field being defined as the length of the central series of the Galois group. As a group of at most class two is the direct product of prime power groups of at most class two it is sufficient to study fields whose degree is a prime power.

In all five of these papers Fröhlich continued to build on the work of this doctoral thesis. His record was now sufficiently outstanding that in 1955, only three years after completing his doctorate, Fröhlich was appointed as a reader at King's College, London. He was interviewed for the post by a committee consisting of Davenport, Mordell and Semple. He spent the rest of his career at King's College, being promoted to a professor in 1962 and served as Head of Department from 1969. He retired in 1981.

Birch and Taylor write in [1]:-

... one of Ali's really major contributions to mathematics was in 1965, when he and Ian Cassels jointly organised the instructional conference in Brighton. He and Cassels gave preliminary courses, respectively on local and global algebraic number theory and; the main courses, on local class field theory and on global class field theory, were given by J P Serre and J Tate. ... The whole event was meticulously organised ... Before Brighton, class field theory was a recondite mystery known only to a few (in Britain, only a very few indeed); after Brighton, it was a standard tool of mathematics, available to any professional.

Fröhlich's course was written up as Local fields and occupied the first 41 pages of the Proceedings. McCulloh, reviewing the paper, writes:-

This expository article develops the basic properties of Dedekind domains, in particular, the decomposition of primes, the different, the discriminant, and ramification groups. The method, systematically employed, is reduction to the local and/or complete case. In the process, many facts about complete discrete valuation rings are developed, such as the structure of unramified and tamely ramified extensions. A careful account is given of Herbrand's description of the change in the sequence of ramification groups when passing from a Galois group to a quotient group. ...

The organization is elegant and efficient, the style crisp and condensed. The beginner may be left in the dust. The experienced reader will find it worthwhile and pleasant.

Perhaps the most remarkable fact from Fröhlich's remarkable career is that his most stunning result was published in 1972 when he was 56 years old. This paper, Artin root numbers and normal integral bases for quaternion fields, is described by the authors of [1] as:-

... undoubtedly the high point of Ali's mathematical life; it related the algebraic Galois structure of rings of integers to an analytic invariant in an entirely new and sensational way; it thrust him and his subject to the fore on the world stage; in particular he was invited to present his work at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1974.

Further developments leading on from this paper led to Fröhlich receiving the Senior Berwick Prize from the London Mathematical Society in 1976. In the same year he was elected a Fellow of The Royal Society. At the age of 60 Fröhlich had made the type of breakthrough that most world leading mathematicians make at half this age.

After he retired in 1981 Fröhlich continued to publish outstanding research, and also some extremely important books. In 1983 he published Galois module structure of algebraic integers which is described by Browkin in a review which begins as follows:-

The theory of Galois module structure of rings of algebraic integers has been developed by the author and others during the last twenty years, and the book under review contains a detailed survey of it. Section 1 of Chapter I contains a very clearly written history of this theory and an outline of the main problems and results. The rest of the book is more technical and demands from a reader much more effort. In Chapter I the author states most of the main results contained in the book. Their proofs are given in the subsequent chapters, in which the necessary tools for the proofs are also developed.

This was not the only book which he published in 1983, for Central extensions, Galois groups, and ideal class groups of number fields appeared in the same year, as did Gauss sums and p-adic division algebras with Classgroups and Hermitian modules being published in the following year. In 1986 he published the book Tame representations of local Weil groups and of chain groups of local principal orders had his introductory textbook on algebraic number theory, Algebraic number theory, appeared in 1993 written jointly with M J Taylor.

Among the honours Fröhlich received, in addition to those mentioned above, were the London Mathematical Society's De Morgan Medal and honorary degrees from Bordeaux and Bristol. He was elected to the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences in 1982 and received the "Humboldt prize" of the Humboldt Foundation in 1992.

We end this brief look at Albrecht Fröhlich by quoting from [1] some non-mathematical facts:-

Articles:

1. B J Birch and M J Taylor, Albrecht Fröhlich, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London 51 (2005), 149-168.
2. P Roquette, Obituary of Albrecht Fröhlich, Jahrbuch der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften,1982.
3. M J Taylor, Albrecht Fröhlich, Bull. London Math. Soc. 38 (2006), 329-350.