Died: 16 February 1892 in London, England

Thomas Hirst's father was Thomas Hirst (born 1797 in Yorkshire) who was in the wool trade. His mother was Hannah Oates (born 1804 in Heckmondwike, Yorkshire) who also came from a family involved in the wool trade. It was a prosperous family, so much so that Hirst's father retired when only thirty-one years old since at that age he inherited his own father's money. Thomas Hirst had three elder siblings: John Henry (born 1826), Edward Oates (born 1827), and William Aked (born 1829). The family were certainly education minded and Thomas's father moved from Heckmondwike to be close to Wakefield when Thomas was five years old so that the boys could attend better schools.

Thomas attended Wakefield primary school, then in 1841 he entered West Riding Proprietary School where he spent four years. He wrote later [2] that in this school:-

... I could obtain the most rudimentary and necessary instruction. I remember, however, that here mathematics was my favourite study ...

In 1844 Thomas's father died in an accident. Thomas's mother was keen to find careers for here sons and for this reason Thomas was taken away from school when fifteen years of age and began to work as an apprentice engineer. He was sent to Halifax and his first task was to work on a survey for the proposed railway line from Halifax to Keighley. He began to write a diary at this time and it is largely for this that he is well known among mathematicians today. Many quotations from this diary, in which he describes well-known mathematicians he had met, are given in this archive.

The chief surveyor of the engineering firm was John Tyndall. He was ten years older than Hirst and he was to have a major influence on the direction which Hirst's life took. They quickly became firm friends. The first important influence which Tyndall had on Hirst was to encourage him, in addition to carrying out the many tasks relating to his job as a surveyor with the engineering firm, to continue with his education by reading on his own. Hirst read many works of literature, scientific texts and mathematics books such as Euclid's Elements, Hutton's Mathematics and Brewster's Life of Sir Isaac Newton. In February 1848 Hirst enrolled at the Halifax Mechanics Institute where he seemed for a while to be casting about seeking the subjects which interested him most. Slowly he turned to studying more and more mathematics.

Tyndall left the engineering firm and, after a short spell as a teacher, went to the University of Marburg to study chemistry. Hirst visited Tyndall in Germany in August 1949 but he had to return home earlier than planned on the news that his mother had died. One result of his mother's death was that he came into quite a bit of money and, deciding that surveying was not the career for him, he formed a plan to complete his apprenticeship and then to follow his friend Tyndall to Marburg. He completed his apprenticeship on 31 August 1850 and set out with Tyndall, who was returning after the summer vacation, to travel to Marburg which they reached in October.

On 2 November 1850 Hirst enrolled at the University of Marburg to study mathematics, physics and chemistry. Despite earlier moves towards mathematics, he was yet to make a decision on the topic in which he would specialise. At first he was attracted to chemistry, particularly to the lectures of Robert Bunsen. However Bunsen left Marburg in the spring of 1851 and after this Hirst's interests turned increasingly towards mathematics, sometimes to such an extent that he would ignore his other subjects.

When he was close to completing his doctorate (this was a first degree in Germany for those who took the course at this time) a comment from Tyndall made him decide to carry on with his studies of mathematics and to visit other German universities such as Berlin and Göttingen. He took the necessary oral examination in the spring of 1852 and, after a brief visit back to England, he returned to Marburg to complete his dissertation for his doctorate. He submitted the thesis On conjugate diameters of the triaxial ellipsoid and was awarded his doctorate in July 1852.

Leaving Marburg, Hirst travelled to Göttingen where he spent two weeks attending lectures. He met Weber and Gauss at this time. After spending some time travelling in Germany and Austria with friends he went to Berlin where he spent the winter semester. Eisenstein, who he had hoped to visit, died the day before Hirst arrived. However he did make friends with many of the mathematicians in Berlin and he continued to study mathematics concentrating on geometry. In particular he attended lectures by Dirichlet and Steiner, being strongly influenced by Steiner to undertake further research on geometry.

From Berlin Hirst made the journey to Paris where he spent two months attending lectures by Liouville and Lamé. He returned to England in the middle of 1853 and was appointed to a teaching post at Queenwood College near Salisbury. He married Anna Martin at Kilkeel. County Down in late 1854, a young English lady whom he had met while in Marburg. Unfortunately soon after they were married Anna showed signs of tuberculosis. In 1856 Hirst resigned his teaching post at Queenwood so that he could take care of his wife and they travelled to the south of France hoping that the warmer weather would cure Anna.

Leaving the south of France they settled in Paris where Hirst continued with his mathematical researches, publishing two papers on which he had begun to work while at Göttingen. Sadly Anna died in July 1857. Hirst began to attend lectures again in Paris and his own researches into geometry progressed well. In August 1858 he left Paris to spend a year in Italy. He became friends with Cremona, particularly sharing his keen involvement in the Italian war of unification. He returned to England in the summer of 1859.

Hirst was appointed to the University College School in 1860. The following year he was nominated for a fellowship of the Royal Society, Boole and Sylvester being among his proposers. He was elected as a fellow in 1861. However, he resigned from his post at University College School in July 1864 so that he might concentrate on his research.

Later in 1864 he became a founder member of the X-club which had as its aim the promotion of science in England. It was not the only event of importance for Hirst in 1864 for that year saw him elected to the Council of the Royal Society. He was indeed becoming an important figure in British Science, something which was confirmed by him becoming a major figure in the London Mathematical Society.

At a preliminary meeting to discuss setting up a mathematical society on 7 November 1864, the name London Mathematical Society was chosen. In fact this was meant to be the first proper meeting of the Society but De Morgan was ill and could not attend. The chair at this preliminary meeting was taken by Hirst and the date for the first meeting proper was set for 16 January 1865. Hirst was elected the first Vice-President of the Society and he served it for the next twenty years as a member of Council, the Treasurer of the Society and then as its President in 1872-74.

Hirst was appointed as professor of physics at University College London in 1865 and he began lecturing in October of that year. In 1866 he received further honours being elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society as well as being appointed General Secretary of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He succeeded De Morgan to the chair of mathematics at University College London in 1867. One of Hirst's students gave this description of him [7]:-

His presence in the classroom was striking. He was tall, and held himself erect with an almost military air. he had a long black beard and a great, bald, dome-like forehead. He was a man with whom it was impossible to imagine the most audacious student venturing to take a liberty. There was something about him that invested his unlovely subject with dignity, if not interest. Less, perhaps, than any of the other professors, did he seem to think of examinations. To him, I believe, incredible as it sounds, mathematics must have been a solemn, high pursuit: a passion, if not religion. Yet with all his aloofness of manner he could be very simple, very patient, and extremely kind. Certainly to one of his most hopeless pupils he showed himself all three.

As well as promoting science in general, Hirst worked in particular for the education of women. In 1869 he gave a course of twenty-four lectures on the Elements of Geometry to the Ladies educational Association of London. The lectures were very successful both for their quality and for the large number of women who signed up for the course. He was less than happy with his heavy lecturing commitments, however, and so he decided to ask University College to give him an administrative post in exchange for the Chair of Mathematics. Hirst throughout his life always became unhappy when commitments prevented him from undertaking mathematical research. He became Assistant Registrar of University College in March 1870.

In January 1871 the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching was founded and Hirst became its first president. This fitted well with his long held belief that Euclid's Elements should be replaced as the main geometry teaching text in schools. The association soon took on board the improvement of teaching of all mathematical topics in schools and was renamed the Mathematical Association.

In 1873 Hirst was appointed as Director of Studies at the Royal Naval College in Greenwich. His research had been mostly in geometry, in particular on Cremona transformations, and it was for this work that he was awarded the Royal Medal from the Royal Society in 1883. However his health, which had been less than good for a number of years became steadily worse. Kidney stones and a stomach tumour were diagnosed and, somewhat depressed by the death of his brother John, Hirst resigned from Greenwich in 1883 at the age of 53. The authors of [7] write:-

Finally, in 1890, he finished his memoir on the correlation of two spaces. He had worked on it for a long time and after its completion he destroyed his mathematical notebooks. Suddenly he seemed old, spending his time in watching the rapidly changing world from his clubs, his flat, and the park.

Articles:

1. W H Brock and R M MacLeod, The life and journals of Thomas Archer Hirst, Historia Mathematica 1 (1974), 181-183.
2. H J Gardner and R J Wilson, Thomas Archer Hirst - Mathematician Xtravagant I. A Yorkshire surveyor, Amer. Math. Monthly 100 (1993), 435-441.
3. H J Gardner and R J Wilson, Thomas Archer Hirst - Mathematician Xtravagant II. Student days in Germany, Amer. Math. Monthly 100 (1993), 531-538.
4. H J Gardner and R J Wilson, Thomas Archer Hirst - Mathematician Xtravagant III. Göttingen and Berlin, Amer. Math. Monthly 100 (1993), 619-625.
5. H J Gardner and R J Wilson, Thomas Archer Hirst - Mathematician Xtravagant IV. Queenwood, France and Italy, Amer. Math. Monthly 100 (1993), 723-731.
6. H J Gardner and R J Wilson, Thomas Archer Hirst - Mathematician Xtravagant V. London in the 1860s, Amer. Math. Monthly 100 (1993), 827-834.
7. H J Gardner and R J Wilson, Thomas Archer Hirst - Mathematician Xtravagant VI. Years of decline, Amer. Math. Monthly 100 (1993), 907-915.
8. Thomas Archer Hirst, Dictionary of National Biography, Supplement II (London, 1901), 426-427.
9. Thomas Archer Hirst, Proc. Roy. Soc. 52 (1892-3), 12-18.