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Fricatives and affricates  
  
483   11:10 صباحاً   date: 2024-05-24
Author : Sean Bowerman
Book or Source : A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
Page and Part : 939-53

Fricatives and affricates

/f,v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, Ʒ, x, h/

White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme /x/, but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (e.g. gogga [xoxə] = bug, insect) and Khoisan [x]amtoos (the name of a river). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative [X] rather than the velar.

 

The tendency for [θ] to be realized as [f] is a stereotypical Broad feature, but is more accurately associated with Afrikaans English (AfkE).

 

As in many varieties of English, word-final /v, ð, z, Ʒ/ are usually voiceless, and are distinguished only by the length of the preceding vowel.

In Broad varieties close to AfkE, /h/ is realized as voiced  before a stressed vowel.