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A class of formal series expansions in derivatives of a distribution which may (but need not) be the normal distribution function
(1) |
and moments or other measured parameters. Edgeworth series are known as the Charlier series or Gram-Charlier series. Let be the characteristic function of the function , and its cumulants. Similarly, let be the distribution to be approximated, its characteristic function, and its cumulants. By definition, these quantities are connected by the formal series
(2) |
(Wallace 1958). Integrating by parts gives as the characteristic function of , so the formal identity corresponds pairwise to the identity
(3) |
where is the differential operator. The most important case was considered by Chebyshev (1890), Charlier (1905-06), and Edgeworth (1905).
Expanding and collecting terms according to the order of the derivatives gives the so-called Gram-Charlier A-Series, which is identical to the formal expansion of in Hermite polynomials. The A-series converges for functions whose tails approach zero faster than (Cramér 1925, Wallace 1958, Szegö 1975).
REFERENCES:
Charlier, C. V. L. "Über das Fehlergesetz." Ark. Math. Astr. och Phys. 2, No. 8, 1-9, 1905-06.
Chebyshev, P. L. "Sur deux théorèmes relatifs aux probabilités." Acta Math. 14, 305-315, 1890.
Cramér, H. "On Some Classes of Series Used in Mathematical Statistics." Proceedings of the Sixth Scandinavian Congress of Mathematicians, Copenhagen. pp. 399-425, 1925.
Edgeworth, F. Y. "The Law of Error." Cambridge Philos. Soc. 20, 36-66 and 113-141, 1905.
Gram, J. P. "Über die Entwicklung reeler Funktionen in Reihen mittelst der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate." J. reine angew. Math. 94, 41-73, 1883.
Szegö, G. Orthogonal Polynomials, 4th ed. Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc., 1975.
Wallace, D. L. "Asymptotic Approximations to Distributions." Ann. Math. Stat. 29, 635-654, 1958.
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